1. A noise suppression cable, comprising:
a conductor wire; and
a magnetic insulation layer on a periphery of the conductor wire,
wherein the magnetic insulation layer comprises an insulating material and two or more types of magnetic powders that have different frequency characteristics from each other.
2. The noise suppression cable according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the two or more types of magnetic powders comprises a flat-shaped magnetic powder, and
whether a flat direction or in-plane direction of the flat-shaped magnetic powder is oriented along a longitudinal direction and a circumferential direction of the cable.
3. The noise suppression cable according to claim 1, wherein a flattening ratio represented by maximum lengththickness of the flat-shaped magnetic powder is not less than 2 and not more than 50.
4. The noise suppression cable according to claim 1, wherein a mixture ratio of the two or more types of magnetic powders to the insulating material in the magnetic insulation layer is 5 to 60 vol %.
5. The noise suppression cable according to claim 1, further comprising a second magnetic insulation layer on a periphery of the magnetic insulation layer,
wherein the second magnetic insulation layer comprises at least one type of magnetic powder that has a different frequency characteristic from the two or more types of magnetic powders.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process of preparing modafinil comprising the step of reacting chloroacetamide with benzhydrylthiol to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide.
2. A process of preparing modafinil comprising the steps of reacting chloroacetamide with benzhydrylthiol to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide, and oxidizing 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the benzhydrylthiol is formed by reacting benzhydrol with thiourea and a suitable acid to form a S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt, followed by reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with a suitable base.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein the steps are conducted in the same reaction vessel without isolation of any intermediates.
5. The process of claim 3, wherein the suitable base is a metal hydroxide.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
7. The process of claim 3, wherein the suitable acid is hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric or sulfuric acid.
8. The process of claim 3, wherein the reactions are conducted in a solvent system comprising water and an organic solvent selected from tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, MTBE, acetonitrile, chlorobenzene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, or methylcyclohexane.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the temperature is from about 25\xb0 C. to the refluxing temperature of the solvent system.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein the temperature is from about 25-75\xb0 C.
11. A process of preparing modafinil, comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol with a suitable acid and thiourea to form a S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with a suitable base to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting the benzhydrylthiol with chloroacetamide to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) oxidizing 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with a suitable oxidizing agent to form modafinil.
12. The process of claim 11, wherein the suitable acid is selected from either hydrobromic or hydrochloric acid; and the suitable base is selected from potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide; and the process steps are conducted using either a watertetrahydrofuran or a waterchlorobenzene solvent system.
13. The process of claim 11, wherein:
(1) an aqueous 48% hydrobromic acid solution (about 1-10 equivalents) is added to benzhydrol and thiourea (about 1-10 equivalents) at a temperature of about 25-75\xb0 C., to form S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (about 1-10 equivalents) is added, at a temperature of about 25-75\xb0 C., to the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt to form the benzhydrylthiol;
(3) chloroacetamide as either a powder, or in solution with either water or a watertetrahydrofuran mixture (about 1-10 equivalents) is combined with the benzhydrylthiol at a temperature of about 25-75\xb0 C. to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide.
14. The process of claim 11, wherein the temperature for steps 1, 2, and 3 is from about 50-75\xb0 C.
15. The process of claim 11, wherein the 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide is oxidized with an oxidizing agent selected from m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, sodium periodate, or hydrogen peroxide wherein the hydrogen peroxide may optionally be combined with an acid selected from hydrochloric or acetic acid.
16. The process of claim 15, wherein a 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide (about 1-2 equivalents) is combined with 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide and acetic acid at a temperature of about 25-75\xb0 C.
17. The process of claim 16, wherein the preparation of modafinil is conducted in the same reaction chamber without isolation of any intermediates.
18. A process of preparing modafinil comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol, thiourea (about 1-3 equivalents) and an aqueous 48% HBr solution (about 1-3 equivalents) in aqueous tetrahydrofuran at about 70\xb0 C. to form S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (about 2-5 equivalents) at about 70\xb0 C. to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting chloroacetamide (about 1.05-2 equivalents) in an aqueous tetrahydrofuran solution, with the benzhydrylthiol at about 70\xb0 C., to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) reacting the 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with acetic acid (about 2-5 equivalents) and a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (about 1.2-2 equivalents) to form modafinil.
19. A process of preparing modafinil comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol, thiourea (about 1-3 equivalents) and an aqueous 48% HBr solution (about 1-3 equivalents) in aqueous chlorobenzene at about 70\xb0 C. to form S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (about 2-5 equivalents) at about 70\xb0 C. to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting chloroacetamide (about 1.05-2 equivalents) in powder form with the benzhydrylthiol at about 70\xb0 C., to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) reacting the 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with acetic acid (about 2-5 equivalents) and a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (about 1.2-2 equivalents) to form modafinil.
20. The process of claim 2 further comprising the steps of reacting chloroacetamide with benzhydrylthiol to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide, oxidizing 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide to form modafinil, and isolating (R)-modafinil from modafinil.
21. The process of claim 11 further comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol with a suitable acid and thiourea to form a S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with a suitable base to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting the benzhydrylthiol with chloroacetamide to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) oxidizing 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with a suitable oxidizing agent to form modafinil; and
(5) isolating (R)-modafinil from modafinil.
22. The process of preparing of claim 18 further comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol, thiourea (about 1-3 equivalents) and an aqueous 48% HBr solution (about 1-3 equivalents) in aqueous tetrahydrofuran at about 70\xb0 C. to form S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (about 2-5 equivalents) at about 70\xb0 C. to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting chloroacetamide (about 1.05-2 equivalents) in an aqueous tetrahydrofuran solution, with the benzhydrylthiol at about 70\xb0 C., to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) reacting the 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with acetic acid (about 2-5 equivalents) and a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (about 1.2-2 equivalents) to form modafinil; and
(5) isolating (R)-modafinil from modafinil.
23. The process of claim 19 further comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol, thiourea (about 1-3 equivalents) and an aqueous 48% HBr solution (about 1-3 equivalents) in aqueous chlorobenzene at about 70\xb0 C. to form S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (about 2-5 equivalents) at about 70\xb0 C. to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting chloroacetamide (about 1.05-2 equivalents) in powder form with the benzhydrylthiol at about 70\xb0 C., to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) reacting the 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with acetic acid (about 2-5 equivalents) and a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (about 1.2-2 equivalents) to form modafinil; and
(5) isolating (R)-modafinil from modafinil.
24. The process of claim 2 further comprising the steps of reacting chloroacetamide with benzhydrylthiol to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide, oxidizing 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide to form modafinil, and isolating (S)-modafinil from modafinil.
25. The process of claim 11 further comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol with a suitable acid and thiourea to form a S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with a suitable base to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting the benzhydrylthiol with chloroacetamide to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) oxidizing 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with a suitable oxidizing agent to form modafinil; and
(5) isolating (S)-modafinil from modafinil.
26. The process of preparing of claim 18 further comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol, thiourea (about 1-3 equivalents) and an aqueous 48% HBr solution (about 1-3 equivalents) in aqueous tetrahydrofuran at about 70\xb0 C. to form S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (about 2-5 equivalents) at about 70\xb0 C. to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting chloroacetamide (about 1.05-2 equivalents) in an aqueous tetrahydrofuran solution, with the benzhydrylthiol at about 70\xb0 C., to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) reacting the 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with acetic acid (about 2-5 equivalents) and a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (about 1.2-2 equivalents) to form modafinil; and
(5) isolating (S)-modafinil from modafinil.
27. The process of claim 19 further comprising:
(1) reacting benzhydrol, thiourea (about 1-3 equivalents) and an aqueous 48% HBr solution (about 1-3 equivalents) in aqueous chlorobenzene at about 70\xb0 C. to form S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt;
(2) reacting the S-benzhydrylthiouronium salt with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (about 2-5 equivalents) at about 70\xb0 C. to form benzhydrylthiol;
(3) reacting chloroacetamide (about 1.05-2 equivalents) in powder form with the benzhydrylthiol at about 70\xb0 C., to form 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide;
(4) reacting the 2-(benzhydrylthiol) acetamide with acetic acid (about 2-5 equivalents) and a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (about 1.2-2 equivalents) to form modafinil; and
(5) isolating (S)-modafinil from modafinil.