1. A method of forming an interconnect, comprising:
forming a dielectric layer with an opening therein to expose a conductive trace;
forming a conductive adhesion layer on a portion of the dielectric layer and contacting the exposed conductive trace;
forming an interconnect extension with a first portion adhered to the adhesion layer and a second portion proximate the dielectric layer;
forming a metal oxide release layer between the interconnect extension second portion and the dielectric layer; and
introducing stress to the interconnect extension to debond the interconnect extension second portion.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein introducing stress to the interconnect extension comprises introducing stress of greater than about 20 MPa.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the interconnect extension comprises forming a copper-containing interconnect extension.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a dielectric layer comprises forming a photosensitive dielectric material.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a conductive adhesion layer comprising forming a titanium adhesion layer.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a metal oxide release layer comprises forming an iron oxide.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a metal oxide release layer comprises forming an aluminum oxide.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming a contact projection on the interconnect extension second portion.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein forming the contact projection comprises forming a solder contact projection.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A motor vehicle having an engine, a cooling circuit connected to the engine provided with a heat exchanger which is at least partially externally coated with a catalytic material for conversion of environmentally harmful substances in ambient air, with the motor vehicle further comprising:
a control unit; and
a detecting means connected to said control unit, said detecting means is able to determine a degree of conversion of one or more environmentally harmful substances by the catalytic coating of the heat exchanger.
2. The motor vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said control unit is configured to detect the concentration of said one or more environmentally harmful substances before or after conversion of the one or more environmentally harmful substances into substances which are not harmful to the environment.
3. The motor vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said detecting means is configured to measure the concentration of the one or more environmentally harmful substances and determines the degree of conversion of the one or more environmentally harmful substances.
4. The motor vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said detecting means comprises a first temperature sensor configured to provide a first output signal dependent on the temperature of coolant in the cooling circuit and said control unit is configured to determine a degree of conversion based on said first output signal.
5. The motor vehicle according to claim 4, further comprising a second temperature sensor connected to said cooling circuit, said first and second temperature sensors are mounted in the cooling circuit with intermediate cooling channels in the heat exchanger, wherein said control unit is configured to determine heat emission of the heat exchanger based on differences between determined temperatures of the first temperature sensor and of the second temperature sensor.
6. The motor vehicle according to claim 5, wherein said control unit is configured to estimate the degree of conversion based on the difference between determined temperature of the first temperature sensor and of the second temperature sensor.
7. The motor vehicle according to claim 5, wherein said first temperature sensor and said second temperature sensor are placed upstream and downstream from the heat exchanger.
8. The motor vehicle according to c claim 5, wherein said first temperature sensor comprises a thermostat valve in the cooling circuit, with said thermostat valve being configured to open and close the flow of the cooling circuit through the heat exchanger.
9. The motor vehicle according to c claim 5, wherein said second temperature sensor is mounted on the heat exchanger in connection with cooling flanges in the heat exchanger.
10. The motor vehicle according to c claim 1, wherein said detecting means comprises a first sensor configured to measure the content of the one or more environmentally harmful substances downstream from the heat exchanger.
11. The motor vehicle according to c claim 10, wherein said motor vehicle further comprises means for deflecting the air flow passing through said heat exchanger, wherein said first sensor is arranged to be exposed partly to a first air flow which has passed the heat exchanger wherein a third output signal is generated, and partly to a second air flow which has not passed through the heat exchanger, wherein a fourth output signal is generated, wherein said control unit is configured to estimate the degree of conversion based on said third and fourth output signals.
12. The motor vehicle according to c claim 11 wherein said deflecting means comprises an air channel which directs air to by-pass through the heat exchanger.
13. The motor vehicle according to c claim 11 wherein said deflecting means comprises a means for reversing a fan, said fan being coupled with the heat exchanger, wherein said reversing means allows said first sensor to be exposed partly to a first air flow which has passed the heat exchanger, and partly to a second air flow which has not passed the heat exchanger.
14. The motor vehicle according to c claim 10 wherein said detecting means comprises a second sensor configured to measure content of the one or more environmentally harmful substances upstream from the heat exchanger and wherein said control unit is configured to determine the degree of conversion based on output signals from said first and second sensors.
15. The motor vehicle according to c claim 14 wherein said engine is a combustion engine having an air inlet, said second sensor being located in an air channel connected to said air via a valve inlet in way possible to close said valve.
16. A motor vehicle according to c claim 10 further comprising means for generating a predetermined concentration of one or more environmentally harmful substances, wherein said means are arranged to expose the heat exchanger to a predetermined concentration of the one or more environmentally harmful substances upstream from the heat exchanger when determining the degree of conversion of the one or more environmentally harmful substances, wherein said detecting means is configured to measure the concentration of the one or more environmentally harmful substances downstream from the heat exchanger.
17. The motor vehicle according to c claim 1 wherein said detecting means comprises a pressure sensor providing a first output signal dependent on static pressure downstream from the heat exchanger and on the air flow through the heat exchanger, wherein said control unit is configured to determine a degree of conversion based on said first output signal.
18. The motor vehicle according to c claim 1 wherein said detecting means comprises a differential pressure sensor providing a first output signal dependent on the pressure drop across the heat exchanging unit and on the air flow through the heat exchanger, wherein said control unit is configured to determine a degree of conversion based on said first output signal.
19. The motor vehicle according to c claim 1 wherein said detecting means comprises a flow sensor providing a first output signal dependent on the air flow through the heat exchanger, wherein said control unit is configured to determine a degree of conversion based on said first output signal.
20. The motor vehicle according to c claim 1 wherein said detecting means comprises a test cell coated with a catalytic coating exhibiting electrical or optical properties which change with wear andor fouling; and wherein said control unit is configured to determine the degree of conversion of the heat exchanger with the catalytic coating from an output signal generated by said test cell.
21. The motor vehicle according to c claim 20 wherein said test cell comprises one or more wires having electrical properties changing in relation to degradation of the catalytic coating.
22. The motor vehicle according to c claim 21 wherein said one or more wires are sensitive to corrosion and insulated, and insulation falls off the wire at the same rate as the catalytic coating degrades, wherein the wires corrode and their electrical properties change or the circuit is opened.
23. The motor vehicle according to c claim 21 wherein said test cell comprises means for heating the wires, wherein degradation of the catalytic material and the degree of conversion is estimated by means of heating the wires with a current pulse after which the cooling course is determined based on the thermal conductivity of a surface, thereby providing the correlating degradation of the catalytic coating.
24. The motor vehicle according to c claim 20 wherein said test cell comprises a photocell mounted beneath a transparent carrier coated with a catalytic coating, wherein said test cell is arranged to generate an output signal dependent on optical absorbance or reflectance of the test cell and thereby correlating with the degradation of the catalytic coating.
25. The motor vehicle according to c claim 24 wherein said test cell comprises a second photocell mounted beneath a second transparent carrier without catalytic coating, wherein said test cell is arranged to generate a second output signal dependent on differences in absorbance or reflectance between the two transparent carriers, wherein said second output signal is used in determining degradation of the catalytic coating.
26. The motor vehicle according to c claim 24 wherein said detecting means comprises a light source illuminating the test cell when determining absorbance or reflectance, wherein a light intensity which is well-defined for the determination of absorbance or reflectance is obtained.
27. The motor vehicle according to c claim 20 wherein said detecting means comprises a photocell mounted in such a way that said photocell receives light emitted via fluorescence or phosphorescence from the catalytic coating, wherein a first output signal is created dependent on the optical absorbance or reflectance of the test cell and thereby correlating with the degradation of the catalytic coating.
28. The motor vehicle according to c claim 27 wherein said detecting means comprises a light source illuminating the test cell, wherein emitted light from the catalytic coating is generated.
29. The motor vehicle according to c claim 27 wherein said detecting means comprises a second photocell which is mounted in such a way that said second photocell receives light emitted from a surface which is not coated with fluorescent material, wherein a second output signal is generated which is utilized as a reference for the first output signal from the surface which is coated with a catalytic coating having fluorescence, wherein the difference between light received in the first and second photocell is utilized in order to determine the degradation of the catalytic coating.
30. A motor vehicle having an engine with a cooling circuit connected thereto, said cooling circuit having a heat exchanger that is at least partially externally coated with a catalytic material for conversion of environmentally harmful substances in ambient air, said motor vehicle further comprising:
a control unit; and
a sensor connected to said control unit, wherein said sensor is able to determine a degree of conversion of one or more environmentally harmful substances by said catalytic coating of said heat exchanger.