1. A process for separating at least one first material from a mixture comprising the at least one first material and at least one second material, the process comprising:
(A) contacting at least one magnetic particle and at least one bifunctional molecule of formula (I)
(F1)x-(A)n-(F2)y\u2003\u2003(I),
wherein
F1 is a functional group which selectively binds the at least one magnetic particle, and is selected from the group consisting of phosphonic acid group \u2014OP(OH)2 and carboxylic acid group \u2014COOH2
F2 is a functional group which selectively binds the at least one first material, and is at least one selected from the group consisting of a thiol group \u2014SH, a hydroxy group \u2014OH, a xanthogenate group \u2014OCSSH, a thiolate group \u2014S\u2212, a dihydroxy group, a dithiol group, a thiohydroxy group, and a functional group of formula (III)
wherein
Y is independently S, NH, or O,
X is N, P, or CH2,
a, b, c, d are each, independently of one another, an integer from 1 to 6,
A is at least one structural unit selected from the group consisting of a CRH2 group where R is hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aromatic or heteroaromatic unit, a cyclic or heterocyclic unit, an unsaturated, branched or unbranched carbon chain having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and a heteroatom,
n is an integer from 1 to 100,
x is an integer from 1 to 4, and
y is an integer from 1 to 4,
or a product of the two,
with the mixture comprising the at least one first material and at least one second material, to form an adduct from the at least one magnetic particle, the bifunctional compound of formula (I) and the at least one first material;
(B) suspending the adduct obtained in the contacting (A) in a suitable suspension medium, to give a suspended adduct;
(C) separating the suspended adduct from the suspending (B) from the suspension by application of a magnetic field, to give a separated adduct;
(D) dissociating or further processing the separated adduct separated off in (C), in order to obtain the at least one first material.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one first material is at least one selected from the group consisting of a sulfidic ore, an oxidic ore, and a carbonate-comprising ore.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein the at least one second material is selected from the group consisting of an oxidic metal compound and a hydroxidic metal compound.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein the at least one magnetic particle is selected from the group consisting of a hexagonal ferrite, a magnetic metal, a ferromagnetic alloy of at least one magnetic metal, a magnetic iron oxide, and a cubic ferrite of formula (II)
M2+xFe2+1-xFe3+2O4\u2003\u2003(II)
wherein
M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn, and
x\u22661.
5. The process of claim 2, wherein the at least one magnetic particle is selected from the group consisting of a hexagonal ferrite, a magnetic metal, a ferromagnetic alloy of at least one magnetic metal, a magnetic iron oxide, and a cubic ferrite of formula (II)
M2+xFe2+1-xFe3+2O4\u2003\u2003(II)
wherein
M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn, and
x\u22661.
6. The process of claim 2, wherein the suspension medium is water.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one second material is selected from the group consisting of an oxidic metal compound and a hydroxidic metal compound.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the at least one magnetic particle is selected from the group consisting of a hexagonal ferrite, a magnetic metal, a ferromagnetic alloy of at least one magnetic metal, a magnetic iron oxide, and a cubic ferrite of formula (II)
M2+xFe2+1-xFe3+2O4\u2003\u2003(II)
wherein
M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn, and
x\u22661.
9. The process of claim 7, wherein the suspension medium is water.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one magnetic particle is selected from the group consisting of a hexagonal ferrite, a magnetic metal, a ferromagnetic alloy of at least one magnetic metal, a magnetic iron oxide, and a cubic ferrite of formula (II)
M2+xFe2+1-xFe3+2O4\u2003\u2003(II)
wherein
M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn, and
x\u22661.
11. The process of claim 10, wherein the suspension medium is water.
12. The process of claim 10, wherein the first material is Cu2S and the second material is SiO2.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the suspension medium is water.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein the first material is Cu2S and the second material is SiO2.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one first material comprises a sulfidic ore.
16. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one first material comprises an oxidic ore.
17. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one first material comprises a carbonate-comprising ore.
18. An adduct of formula (IV)
M-(F1)x-(A)n-(F2)yz\u2003\u2003(IV),
wherein
M is a particle comprising at least one metal or semimetal,
F1 and F2 are each, independently of one another, a functional group,
wherein F1 is selected from the group consisting of a phosphonic acid group \u2014OP(OH)2 and a carboxylic acid group \u2014COOH, and F2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of a thiol group \u2014SH, a hydroxy group \u2014OH, a xanthogenate group \u2014OCSSH, a thiolate group \u2014S\u2212, a dihydroxy group, a dithiol group, a thiohydroxy group, and a functional group of formula (III);
wherein
Y is independently S, NH, or O,
X is N, P, or CH2,
a, b, c, d are each, independently of one another, an integer from 1 to 6,
A is at least one structural unit selected from a CRH2 group where R is hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aromatic or heteroaromatic unit, a cyclic or heterocyclic unit, an unsaturated, branched or unbranched carbon chain having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and a heteroatom,
n is an integer from 1 to 100,
x is an integer from 1 to 4,
y is an integer from 1 to 4, and
z is an integer from 1 to 200.
19. A method of adhering an adduct to at least one component of a mixture, comprising contacting the adduct of claim 18 with the mixture.
20. A method of adhering a compound to a magnetic particle, the method comprising contacting the compound and the particle, wherein the compound is of formula (I)
(F1)x-(A)n-(F2)y\u2003\u2003(I),
wherein
F1 is a functional group which selectively binds the at least one magnetic particle, and is selected from the group consisting of phosphonic acid group \u2014OP(OH)2 and carboxylic acid group \u2014COOH2
F2 is a functional group which selectively binds the at least one first material, and is at least one selected from the group consisting of a thiol group \u2014SH, a hydroxy group \u2014OH, a xanthogenate group \u2014OCSSH, a thiolate group \u2014S\u2212, a dihydroxy group, a dithiol group, a thiohydroxy group, and a functional group of formula (III)
wherein
Y is independently S, NH, or O,
X is N, P, or CH2,
a, b, c, d are each, independently of one another, an integer from 1 to 6,
A is at least one structural unit selected from the group consisting of a CRH2 group where R is hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aromatic or heteroaromatic unit, a cyclic or heterocyclic unit, an unsaturated, branched or unbranched carbon chain having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and a heteroatom,
n is an integer from 1 to 100,
x is an integer from 1 to 4, and
y is an integer from 1 to 4.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method, comprising:
accessing a document control policy, wherein the document control policy includes one or more document control rules, and the document control policy is associated with at least one electronic document;
embodying one or more document management rules in the document control policy; and
assigning access rights to the document control policy, to enable auditing of the document management rules.
2. The method of claim 1, and further comprising logging the application of one or more of the document management rules to an electronic document.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the application of one or more document management rules is logged in the document control policy.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein auditing comprises determining whether one or more of the document management rules were applied to an electronic document.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein auditing comprises determining when one or more of the document management rules were applied to an electronic document.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the document management rules include: document retention rules, document archiving rules, document indexing rules, document metadata capture rules andor combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the document control rules include: data identifying one or more users having permission to access the document andor data identifying one or more functions that may be performed by the one or more identified users.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said auditing further comprises determining at least two of: whether one or more document management rules were applied to an electronic document, when one or more document management rules were applied to an electronic document, and which document management rules were applied to an electronic document.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the access rights provided to the document control policy comprise access to a portion of the policy for auditing.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the document control rules and document management policy reside on a policy server.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the document control rules and document management policy are formed in Portable Document Rights Language (PDRL).
12. A method of auditing an electronic document, comprising:
accessing a policy server, wherein the policy server includes one or more document management rules;
identifying an electronic document associated with the one or more document management rules; and
obtaining a record of document management rules as applied to the identified electronic document.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the record includes time-based data, and wherein the time-based data comprises historical application of the document control rules as applied to the identified electronic document.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the document management rules include: document retention rules, document archiving rules, document indexing rules, document metadata capture rules andor combinations thereof.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein at least a portion of the document management policy is formed in Portable Document Rights Language (PDRL).
16. The method of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the PDRL is embodies in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format.
17. A policy server, comprising:
a computing system adapted to control access to an electronic document according to a policy, the policy comprising:
one or more document management rules for the electronic document;
one or more document control rules for the electronic document; and
one or more access rights assigned to the document management rules and the document control rules.
18. The policy server of claim 17, wherein the access rights assigned to the document management rules the document control rules differ.
19. The policy server of claim 17, wherein the access rights assigned to the document control rules comprise public access rights.
20. The policy server of claim 17, wherein the access rights assigned to the document usage rights comprise authenticated user access rights.
21. The policy server of claim 17, wherein the document control rules include: document retention rules, document archiving rules, document indexing rules, document metadata capture rules andor combinations thereof.
22. The policy server of claim 17, wherein at least a portion of the document control rules and document management policy are formed in Portable Document Rights Language (PDRL).
23. A machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions that if executed perform a method, comprising:
accessing a document control policy, wherein the document control policy includes one or more document control rules, and the document control policy is associated with at least one document;
embodying one or more document management rules in the document control policy; and
assigning access rights to the document control policy, to enable auditing of the document management rules.
24. The machine-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the instructions, if further executed, result in logging the application of one or more of the document management rules to an electronic document.
25. The machine-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in application of one or more document management rules being logged in the document control policy.
26. The machine-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in auditing comprising determining one or more of: whether one or more document management rules were applied to a document, when one or more document management rules were applied to a document, which document management rules were applied to an electronic document, andor combinations thereof.
27. The machine-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in the access rights provided to the document control policy comprising public access rights for auditing.
28. The machine-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in the document control rules and document management policy residing on a policy server.