1. A method of updating of a set of default coefficients used for quick convergence of an echo canceller, wherein said echo canceller receives a reference signal and converges to an estimated echo signal of an input signal according to a current set of filter coefficients via subtracting said estimated echo signal from said input signal to create a current error signal for output from said echo canceller and feedback of said current error signal, said method including:
applying said default coefficients to said echo canceller for generating a further echo signal;
subtracting said further echo signal from said input signal to generate a further error signal; and
comparing said current error signal with said further error signal and in the event said further error signal exceeds said current error signal by a threshold amount then replacing said set of default coefficients by said current set of filter coefficients.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said threshold amount is 6 dB.
3. A method of updating of a set of default coefficients used for quick convergence of an echo canceller, wherein said echo canceller receives a reference signal and converges to an estimated echo signal of an input signal according to a current set of filter coefficients via feedback of a current error signal, said method including:
(a) applying said default coefficients to said echo canceller for generating a further echo signal:
(b) subtracting said further echo signal from said input signal to generate a further error signal; and
(c) comparing said current error signal with said further error signal and in the event said further error signal exceeds said current error signal by a threshold amount then replacing said set of default coefficients by said current set of filter coefficients; and wherein
said set of default coefficients is replaced by said current set of filter coefficients only if said further error signal continuously exceeds said current error signal by said threshold amount for at least 300 ms.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said threshold amount is 6 dB.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for improving mathematical skills comprising:
(a) an optimization area based on a rectangular grid of cells with the said rectangular grid having an odd number of rows, an odd number of columns, a perimeter consisting of those said cells that are not entirely surrounded by other said cells, and with the content of said cells defined by position such that,
(1) said cells that are locations for placement of numeric values and said cells that are locations with arithmetic function symbols form an alternating pattern both vertically in the columns and horizontally in the rows, and
(2) said alternating pattern is such that said cells that are locations for placement of numerical values are not disposed in the rectangular grid corners, and
(3) said cells disposed in the said perimeter of the said rectangular grid and simultaneously disposed such that they would be expected to be locations with arithmetic function symbols, based on said alternating pattern, are instead empty;
(b) a set of numeric values for placement into said locations for placement of numeric values,
(c) evaluation means to calculate an optimization area value, when all locations for placement of numerical values have been assigned values and all consequent arithmetic operations are arithmetically defined, comprising:
(1) evaluating arithmetically, from left to right, the rows of said optimization area that form arithmetic expressions,
(2) evaluating arithmetically, from top to bottom, the columns of said optimization area that form arithmetic expressions,
(3) combining the evaluation results from the rows and columns in a predetermined manner to define the value of said optimization area;
whereby a participant exercises their mathematical skills by placing said numeric values onto said locations for placement of numeric values so as to maximize said optimization area value.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further including parenthesis receptacles at mathematically appropriate locations for placement of parentheses and a finite set of parentheses pairs.
3. A method for improving mathematical skills for multiple participants comprising:
(a) providing to each said participant identical apparatus comprising:
(1) an optimization area based on a rectangular grid of cells with the said rectangular grid having an odd number of rows, an odd number of columns, a perimeter consisting of those said cells that are not entirely surrounded by other said cells, and with the content of said cells dependent on position such that,
i. said cells that are locations for placement of numeric values and said cells that are locations with arithmetic function symbols form an alternating pattern both vertically in the columns and horizontally in the rows, and
ii. said alternating pattern is such that said cells that are locations for placement of numerical values are not disposed in the rectangular grid corners, and
iii. said cells disposed in the said perimeter of the said rectangular grid and simultaneously disposed such that they would be expected to be locations with arithmetic function symbols, based on said alternating pattern, are instead empty;
(2) evaluation means to calculate an optimization area value, when all locations for placement of numerical values have been assigned values and all consequent arithmetic operations are arithmetically defined, comprising:
i. evaluating arithmetically, from left to right, the rows of said optimization area that form arithmetic expressions,
ii. evaluating arithmetically, from top to bottom, the columns of said optimization area that form arithmetic expressions,
iii. combining the evaluation results from the rows and columns in a predetermined manner to define the value of said optimization area;
(b) providing to each participant a set of numeric values for placement into said locations for placement of numeric values, wherein each said set of numeric values are numerically identical but identifiable as belonging to a specific participant,
(c) placing by a first one of said participants of one of said first one’s numeric values onto one of said locations for placement of numeric values on any of said participant’s optimization areas,
(d) placing, in turn, by each one of said participants of one of said one’s numeric values onto one of said locations for placement of numeric values on any of said participant’s optimization areas until either all of said numeric values associated with all said participants have been used, or all said locations for placement of numerical values have been filled,
(e) specifying the winner by determining which of said participants has the optimization area with the highest value,
whereby said participants exercise their mathematical skills in the process of determining optimum locations for placement of said numeric values and in evaluating said optimization area values.
4. The method of claim 3 further including the step of providing, prior to step (b), initial values in said locations for placement of numeric values such that said evaluation means may be used to define initial value of said optimization area.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said initial values are all equal to one.
6. A method for improving mathematical skills for a finite number of participants comprising:
(a) providing a single apparatus comprising,
(1) an optimization area based on a rectangular grid of cells with the said rectangular grid having an odd number of rows, an odd number of columns, a perimeter consisting of those said cells that are not entirely surrounded by other said cells, and with the content of said cells dependent on position such that,
i. said cells that are locations for placement of numeric values and said cells that are locations with arithmetic function symbols form an alternating pattern both vertically in the columns and horizontally in the rows, and
ii. said alternating pattern is such that said cells that are locations for placement of numerical values are not disposed in the rectangular grid corners, and
iii. said cells disposed in the said perimeter of the said rectangular grid and simultaneously disposed such that they would be expected to be locations with arithmetic function symbols, based on said alternating pattern, are instead empty;
(2) a set of numeric values for placement into said locations for placement of numeric values,
(3) evaluation means to calculate an optimization area value, when all locations for placement of numerical values have been assigned values and all consequent arithmetic operations are arithmetically defined, comprising:
i. evaluating arithmetically, from left to right, the rows of said optimization area that form arithmetic expressions,
ii. evaluating arithmetically, from top to bottom, the columns of said optimization area that form arithmetic expressions,
iii. combining the evaluation results from the rows and columns in a predetermined manner to define the value of said optimization area;
(b) placing in said optimization area by a first one of said participants of one of said numeric values onto one of said locations for placement of numeric values
(c) determining the change in the value of the said optimization area due to actions of said first one,
(d) penalizing said first one in a predetermined manner and resetting said optimization area locations for placement of numeric values to their immediate prior condition if the value of the said optimization area did not increase,
(e) passing of turn to the next participant,
(f) placing by said next participant of either an unused numeric value from said set of numeric values onto appropriate locations not yet used on the said optimization area, or rearranging by said next participant of already placed numeric values, or a combination of placing and rearranging by said next participant,
(g) determining the change in the value of the said optimization area due to said next participant’s actions,
(h) penalizing said next participant in a predetermined manner and resetting said optimization area locations for placement of numeric values to their immediately prior conditions if the value of the said optimization area did not increase,
(i) repeating steps (e) through (h) until no said participant is able to increase the value of the said optimization area,
whereby said participants exercise their mathematical skills in the process of determining optimum locations for placement of said numeric values and in evaluating said optimization area values.
7. The method of claim 6 further including the step of providing for the said apparatus, prior to step (b), the maximum possible value of said optimization area.
8. The method of claim 6 further including the step of providing, prior to step (b), initial values in said locations for placement of numeric values such that said evaluation means may be used to define initial value of said optimization area.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said initial values are all equal to one.