1460930779-7f97e8fc-8262-4495-8775-90c9a81dd7b1

What is claimed is:

1. A method for amplifying a nucleic acid molecule (A2), comprising:
(A) providing an at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule (N1) comprising at least one of
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS), and
(ii) a sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS;

(B) amplifying a first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A1) in the presence of a nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s), wherein the amplifying uses a portion of N1 as a template for the polymerase;
(C) providing a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, and
(ii) a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to A1; and

(iii) a first nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS, a second NA that recognizes the second NARS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s); and
(B) maintaining said mixture at conditions that exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2), wherein A2 is at most 25 nucleotides in length.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the first and second NAs are a nicking endonuclease (NE).
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the first and second NAs are identical.
22. The method of claim 19 wherein the N1 is immobilized.
23. The method of claim 19 wherein the T2 is immobilized.
24. The method of claim 19 wherein sequence (A)(ii)(a) is exactly identical to a portion of N1 located 5 to the antisense strand of the first NARS in N1.
25. The method of claim 19 wherein N1 is provided by annealing a trigger oligonucleotide primer (ODNP) to a single-stranded target nucleic acid (T1), where T1 comprises, from 5 to 3:
(A) a sequence of an antisense strand of the first NARS; and
(B) a sequence, located 3 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS, that is at least substantially complementary to at least a portion of the trigger ODNP.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein the T1 is immobilized.
27. The method of claim 25 wherein the sequence (B) of T1 is exactly complementary to at least a portion of the trigger ODNP.
28. The method of claim 25 wherein the 3 terminus of T1 is linked to a phosphate group.
29. The method of claim 19 wherein the sequence 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS in N1 is derived from a target nucleic acid molecule and contains a genetic variation.
30. The method of claim 29 further comprising characterizing A2 to identify the genetic variation in the target nucleic acid molecule.
31. The method of claim 19 wherein the sequence 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS in N1 is derived from a cDNA molecule and is suspected to contain a junction between two specific exons.
32. The method of claim 31 further comprising characterizing A2 to determine whether the cDNA contains the junction between the two exons.
33. The method of claim 30 or claim 32 wherein the characterizing is performed at least partially by the use of a technique selected from the group consisting of mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, fluorescence polarization, and electrophoresis.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein the characterizing is performed at least partially by the use of liquid chromatography.
35. The method of claim 33 wherein the characterizing is performed at least partially by the use of mass spectrometry.
36. A method for amplifying a nucleic acid molecule (A2), comprising:
(A) forming a mixture of
(i) an at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule (N1) comprising a sequence of a sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS);
(ii) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising, from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to a portion of N1 located 3 to the sense strand of the first NARS in N1, and
(b) a sequence of a sense strand of a second NARS; and

(iii) a first nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS, a second NA that recognizes the second NARS; a DNA polymerase; and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s); and

(B) maintaining said mixture at conditions that amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2), wherein A2 is at most 25 nucleotides in length.
37. The method of claim 36 wherein both the first and the second NAs are nicking endonucleases (NEs).
38. The method of claim 37 wherein the first and second NAs are identical.
39. The method of claim 36 wherein both the first and the second NAs are restriction endonucleases (REs), and at least one of the deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s) is modified.
40. The method of claim 36 wherein the N1 is immobilized.
41. The method of claim 36 wherein the T2 is immobilized.
42. The method of claim 36 wherein sequence (ii)(a) is exactly complementary to a portion of N1 located 3 to the sense strand of the first NARS.
43. The method of claim 36 wherein N1 is provided by annealing a trigger oligonucleotide (ODNP) to a single-stranded target nucleic acid (T1) that comprises, from 5 to 3:
(A) a sequence of a sense strand of the first NARS; and
(B) a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to at least a portion of the trigger ODNP.
44. The method of claim 43 wherein the trigger ODNP is derived from a target nucleic acid and contains a genetic variation of the target nucleic acid.
45. The method of claim 44 further comprising characterizing A2 to identify the genetic variation in the target nucleic acid.
46. The method of claim 43 wherein the trigger ODNP is derived from a cDNA molecule and is suspected to contain a junction between two specific exons
47. The method of claim 46 further comprising characterizing A2 to determine whether the cDNA contains the junction between the two exons.
48. The method of claim 43 wherein the T1 is immobilized.
49. The method of claim 43 wherein sequence (B) of T1 is exactly complementary to at least a portion of the trigger ODNP.
50. A tandem nucleic acid amplification system comprising a first primer extension means for amplifying a first nucleic acid (A1) and a second primer extension means for amplifying a second nucleic acid (A2), wherein
(i) A1 is the initial primer for the second primer extension means for amplifying A2;
(ii) both the first and second primer extension means are contained within a single reaction vessel and require the presence of a nicking agent (NA);
(iii) A1, A2 or both are at most 25 nucleotides in length; and
(iv) A2 is at least substantially complementary to A1.
51. The tandem nucleic acid amplification system of claim 50 wherein the NA for the first primer extension means is identical to the NA for the second primer extension means.
52. The tandem nucleic acid amplification system of claim 50, wherein
(a) the first means for amplifying A1 comprises a first oligonucleotide primer (trigger ODNP), a first template nucleic acid (T1) at least substantially complementary to the trigger ODNP, a first nicking agent (NA), a first DNA polymerase, wherein the extension of the trigger ODNP using T1 as a template produces a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS) that is recognizable by the first NA; and
(b) the second means for amplifying A2 comprises the nucleic acid (A1), a second template nucleic acid (T2) at least substantially complementary to A1, and comprising a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, a second NA that recognizes the second NARS, and a second DNA polymerase.
53. The method of claim 52 wherein the first NA is identical to the second NA.
54. The method of claim 52 or 53 wherein the first polymerase is identical to the second polymerase.
55. The nucleic acid amplification system of claim 52 wherein both the first NA and the second NAs are nicking endonucleases.
56. The nucleic acid amplification system of claim 52 wherein both the first and the second NAs are restriction endonucleases.
57. The nucleic acid amplification system of claim 52 wherein the trigger ODNP is immobilized.
58. The nucleic acid amplification system of claim 52 wherein the T1 is immobilized.
59. The nucleic acid amplification system of claim 52 wherein the T2 is immobilized.
60. A method for exponential amplification of a nucleic acid molecule A2 comprising
(a) amplifying a nucleic acid molecule (A1) using a first template nucleic acid (T1) comprising the sequence of one strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS) as a template by a primer extension reaction in the presence of a first nicking endonuclease (NA) that recognizes the first NARS and a first DNA polymerase; and
(b) amplifying A2 using a second template nucleic acid (T2) comprising the sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS as a template and A1 as the initial primer by a primer extension reaction in the presence of a second NA and a second DNA polymerase;
wherein A1, A2 or both are at most 25 nucleotides in length.
61. The method of claim 60 wherein the first NARS is identical to the second NARS.
62. The method of claim 60 or claim 61 wherein the first DNA polymerase is identical to the second DNA polymerase.
63. The method of claim 60 wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed in a single vessel.
64. The method of claim 61 wherein the NA is a nicking endonuclease (NE).
65. The method of claim 61 wherein the NA is a restriction endonuclease (RE).
66. The method of claim 60 wherein the T1 is immobilized.
67. The method of claim 60 wherein the T2 is immobilized.
68. The method of any one of claims 3, 20 and 37 wherein the NE is N.BstNB I or N.Alw I.
69. The method of claim 68 wherein the both the first and the second NEs are N.BstNB I.
70. The method of any one of claims 1, 19 and 36 wherein the amplification is performed under isothermal conditions.
71. The method of claim 70 wherein each amplification reaction is performed at 50 C.-70 C.
72. The method of any one of claims 1, 19 and 36 wherein the DNA polymerase is selected from the group consisting of exo Vent, exo Deep Vent, exo Bst, exo Pfu, exo Bca, the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, T5 DNA polymerase, Phi29 DNA polymerase, phage M2 DNA polymerase, phage PhiPRD1 DNA polymerase, Sequenase, PRD1 DNA polymerase, 9 Nm DNA polymerase, and T4 DNA polymerase homoenzyme.
73. The method of claim 74 wherein the 53 exonuclease deficient DNA polymerase is exo Bst polymerase, exo Bca polymerase, exo Vent polymerase, 9 Nm DNA polymerasen, or exo Deep Vent polymerase.
74. A composition comprising:
(A) a first at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule of which one strand comprises from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence at most 25 nucleotides in length, and
(ii) a sequence of the antisense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS); and

(B) a second at least double-stranded nucleic acid molecule of which one strand comprises, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, and
(ii) a sequence at least substantially identical to a sequence located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS in the first nucleic acid molecule.
75. The composition of claim 74 wherein the first NARS is recognizable by a first nicking endonuclease (NE), and the second NARS is recognizable by a second NE.
76. The composition of claim 74 wherein the first NARS is recognizable by a restriction endonuclease and the second NARS is recognizable by a nicking endonuclease.
77. The composition of claim 74 wherein the first at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule is immobilized.
78. The composition of claim 74 wherein the second at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule is immobilized.
79. The composition of claim 74 wherein sequence (B) (ii) is exactly identical to a sequence located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NERS in the first nucleic acid molecule.
80. The composition of claim 74 wherein the first NARS is identical to the second NARS.
81. The composition of claim 80 wherein the first and second NARS is recognizable by a NE.
82. A composition comprising:
(a) a first at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule of which one strand comprises a sequence of the sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS); and
(b) a second at least double-stranded nucleic acid molecule of which one strand comprises from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, and
(ii) a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to a sequence located 3 to the sequence of the sense strand of the first NARS in the first nucleic acid molecule,
wherein in the presence of a nicking agent that recognizes the first NARS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more nucleoside triphospates, a single-stranded nucleic acid fragment amplified using the first nucleic acid molecule as a template has at most 25 nucleotides.
83. The composition of claim 82 wherein the first NARS is recognizable by a first nicking endonuclease (NE), and the second NARS is recognizable by a second NE.
84. The composition of claim 82 wherein the first NARS is recognizable by a first restriction endonuclease (RE), and the second NARS is recognizable by a second RE.
85. The composition of claim 82 wherein the first at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule is immobilized.
86. The composition of claim 85 wherein the second at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule is immobilized.
87. The composition of claim 82 wherein sequence (b) (ii) is exactly complementary to a sequence located 3 to the sequence of the sense strand of the first NARS in the first nucleic acid molecule.
88. The composition of claim 82 wherein the first NARS is identical to the second NARS.
89. The composition of claim 88 wherein the first and second NARSs are recognizable by a NE.
90. The composition of claim 72 or claim 82 further comprising a first NA that recognizes the first NARS and a second NA that recognizes the second NARS.
91. The composition of claim 80 or claim 88 further comprising a NA that recognizes both the first and second NARSs.
92. The composition of claim 81 or claim 89 further comprising a NE that recognizes both the first and second NARSs.
93. The composition of claim 93 wherein the NE is N.BstNB I.
94. The composition of any one of claims 74, 82 and 90 further comprising a DNA polymerase.
95. The composition of claim 94 wherein the DNA polymerase is selected from the group consisting of exo Vent, exo Deep Vent, exo Bst, exo Pfu, exo Bca, the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, T5 DNA polymerase, Phi29 DNA polymerase, phage M2 DNA polymerase, phage PhiPRD1 DNA polymerase, Sequenase, PRD1 DNA polymerase, 9 Nm DNA polyamerase and T4 DNA polymerase homoenzyme.
96. The composition of claim 94 wherein the 53 exonuclease deficient DNA polymerase is exo Bst polymerase, exo Bca polymerase, exo Vent polymerase, exo Deep Vent polymerase, or 9 Nm DNA polymerase.
97. A method for identifying a gene variation in a genomic nucleic acid or cDNA molecule, wherein the genetic variation is located 5 to a sequence of the antisense strand of a first nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS) in the genomic nucleic acid or cDNA molecule, the method comprising:
(A) forming a mixture comprising:
(i) the genomic nucleic acid or cDNA molecule,
(ii) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially identical to a portion of the genomic nucleic acid or cDNA molecule located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NERS, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, and

(iii) a first nicking endonuclease (NE) that recognizes the first NERS; a second NE that recognizes the second NERS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s);

(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2); and
(C) characterizing A2 to identify the gene variation in the genomic nucleic acid or cDNA molecule.
98. The method of claim 97 wherein the first NERS is identical to the second NERS.
99. A method for identifying a genetic variation at a defined location in a target nucleic acid, comprising
(a) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP, and the target nucleic acid, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a first nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS) and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the first strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the complement of the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the second strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation and optionally comprises a sequence of one strand of a restriction endonuclease recognition sequence (RERS),
or

(ii) if the target nucleic acid is a single-stranded nucleic acid, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a first NERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially identical to a nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid located 5 to the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation and optionally comprises a RERS; and
(b) extending the first and the second ODNPs to produce an extension product encomprising the first ODNP and the second ODNP;
(c) optionally digesting the extension product of step (b) with a restriction endonuclease that recognizes the RERS to produce a digestion product;
(d) amplifying a first single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A1) using one strand of the extension product of step (b) or the digestion product of step (c) as a template in the presence of a nicking endonuclease (NE) that recognizes the first NERS;
(e) providing a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) to anneal to A1, T2 comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, and
(ii) a sequence at least substantially complementary to A1;

(f) amplifying a third single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) using A1 as a template; and
(e) characterizing A2 to identify the genetic variation in the target nucleic acid,
wherein A1, A2 or both have at most 25 nucleotides.
100. The method of claim 99 wherein the first NERS is identical to the second NERS.
101. A method for identifying a genetic variation at a defined location in a target nucleic acid, comprising:
(a) forming a mixture of a first ODNP, a second ODNP, and the target nucleic acid, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of one strand of a first restriction endonuclease recognition sequence (RERS) and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the first strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the complement of the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of one strand of a second RERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the second strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation;
or

(ii) if the target nucleic acid is a single-stranded nucleic acid, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of one strand of a first RERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially identical to a nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid located 5 to the complement of the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a sequence of one strand of a second RERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation;
(b) extending the first and the second ODNPs in the presence of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and at least one modified deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate to produce an extension product comprising both the first and the second RERSs;
(c) exponentially amplifying single-stranded nucleic acid fragments using the extension product of step (b) as a template in the presence of restriction endonucleases (REs) that recognize the first RERS and the second RERS, wherein the single-stranded nucleic acid fragment is no more than 25 nucleotides in length; and
(d) characterizing at least one of the single-stranded fragments of step (c) to identify the genetic variation.
102. The method of claim 101 wherein the first RERS is identical to the second RERS.
103. The method of claim 101 wherein the first ODNP, the second ODNP or both ODNPs are immobilized.
104. The method of claim 101 wherein the target nucleic acid is immobilized.
105. A method for identifying a genetic variation at a defined location in a target nucleic acid, comprising:
(a) forming a mixture of a first ODNP, a second ODNP, and the target nucleic acid, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of one strand of a first restriction endonuclease recognition sequence (RERS) and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the first strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the complement of the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of one strand of a second RERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the second strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation;
or

(e) amplifying a third single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) using A1 as a template; and
(f) characterizing at least one of the single-stranded fragments of step (c) to identify the genetic variation.
106. The method of claim 105 wherein the first, second and third RERS are identical to each other.
107. A method for identifying a genetic variation at a defined location in a target nucleic acid, comprising
(a) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP and the target nucleic acid, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the first strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the complement of the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the second strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation,
or

(ii) if the target nucleic acid is a single-stranded nucleic acid, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially identical to a nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid located 5 to the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation,

the first and the second ODNPs each further comprising a nucleotide sequence of the sense strand of a nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS);

(b) extending the first and the second ODNPs to produce an extension product comprising two NERSs;
(c) exponentially amplifying single-stranded nucleic acid fragments using the extension product of step (b) as a template in the presence of one or more nicking endonucleases (NEs) that recognizes the NERS(s), wherein the single-stranded nucleic acid fragments have no more than 25 nucleotides; and
(d) characterizing at least one of the single-stranded fragments of step (c) to thereby identify the genetic variation.
108. The method of claim 107 wherein the NERS in the first ODNP is identical to the NERS in the second ODNP.
109. The method of claim 107 wherein the genetic variation is a single nucleotide polymorphism.
110. The method of claim 107 wherein the genetic variation is associated with a disease.
111. The method of claim 107 wherein the disease is a human genetic disease.
112. The method of claim 107 wherein the genetic variation is associated with drug resistance of a pathogenic microorganism.
113. The method of claim 108 wherein the nicking agent is N.BstNB I.
114. The method of claim 107 wherein step (c) is performed under an isothermal condition.
115. The method of claim 114 wherein step (c) is performed at 50 C.-70 C.
116. The method of claim 107 wherein step (c) is performed in the presence of a DNA polymerase selected from the group consisting of exo Vent, exo Deep Vent, exo Bst, exo Pfu, exo Bca, the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, T5 DNA polymerase, Phi29 DNA polymerase, phage M2 DNA polymerase, phage PhiPRD1 DNA polymerase, Sequenase, PRD1 DNA polymerase, 9 Nm DNA polymerase, and T4 DNA polymerase homoenzyme.
117. The method of claim 116 wherein the DNA polymerase is exo Vent, exo Deep Vent, exo Bst, exo Bca, or 90 Nm DNA polymerase.
118. The method of claim 107 wherein the amplified single-stranded fragments of step (c) contains no more than 17 nucleotides.
119. The method of claim 118 wherein the amplified single-stranded fragment of step (c) contains no more than 12 nucleotides.
120. The method of claim 119 wherein the amplified single-stranded fragment of step (c) contains no more than 8 nucleotides.
121. The method of claim 107 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by the use of a technique selected from the group consisting of mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, fluorescence polarization, and electrophoresis.
122. The method of claim 121 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by the use of liquid chromatography.
123. The method of claim 121 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by the use of mass spectrometry.
124. The method of claim 121 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by both liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
125. The method of claim 107 wherein the first ODNP, the second ODNP or both are immobilized.
126. The method of claim 107 wherein the target nucleic acid is immobilized.
127. A method for identifying a genetic variation at a defined location in a target nucleic acid, comprising
(a) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP and the target nucleic acid, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand, then
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the first strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the complement of the genetic variation, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the second strand of the target nucleic acid located 3 to the genetic variation,
or

the first and the second ODNPs each further comprising a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS);

(b) extending the first and the second ODNPs to produce an extension product comprising two NERSs;
(c) amplifying a first single-stranded nucleic acid fragment using one strand of the extension product of step (b) as a template in the presence of one or more nicking endonucleases (NEs) that recognizes the NERS(s);
(d) providing a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) to anneal to A1, T2 comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a NERS, and
(ii) a sequence at least substantially complementary to A1;

(e) amplifying a third single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) using A1 as a template; and
(f) characterizing the single-stranded fragment of step (c) to thereby identify the genetic variation,
wherein A1, A2 or both have at most 25 nucleotides.
128. The method of claim 127 wherein the NERSs in the first ODNP, the second ODNP and T2 are identical to each other.
129. The method of claim 127 wherein the genetic variation is a single nucleotide polymorphism.
130. The method of claim 127 wherein the genetic variation is associated with a disease.
131. The method of claim 127 wherein the disease is a human genetic disease.
132. The method of claim 127 wherein the genetic variation is associated with drug resistance of a pathogenic microorganism.
133. The method of claim 128 wherein the nicking agent is N.BstNB I.
134. The method of claim 127 wherein step (c) is performed under an isothermal condition.
135. The method of claim 134 wherein step (c) is performed at 50 C.-70 C.
136. The method of claim 127 wherein step (c) is performed in the presence of a DNA polymerase selected from the group consisting of exo Vent, exo Deep Vent, exo Bst, exo Pfu, exo Bca, the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, T5 DNA polymerase, Phi29 DNA polymerase, phage M2 DNA polymerase, phage PhiPRD1 DNA polymerase, Sequenase, PRD1 DNA polymerase, 9 Nm DNA polymerase, and T4 DNA polymerase homoenzyme.
137. The method of claim 136 wherein the DNA polymerase is exo Vent, exo Deep Vent, exo Bst, exo Bca, or 9 Nm DNA polymerase.
138. The method of claim 127 wherein the amplified single-stranded fragments of step (c) contains no more than 17 nucleotides.
139. The method of claim 138 wherein the amplified single-stranded fragment of step (c) contains no more than 12 nucleotides.
140. The method of claim 139 wherein the amplified single-stranded fragment of step (c) contains no more than 8 nucleotides.
141. The method of claim 127 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by the use of a technique selected from the group consisting of mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, fluorescence polarization, and electrophoresis.
142. The method of claim 141 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by the use of liquid chromatography.
143. The method of claim 141 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by the use of mass spectrometry.
144. The method of claim 141 wherein the characterizing of step (d) is performed at least partially by both liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
145. The method of claim 127 wherein the first ODNP, the second ODNP or both are immobilized.
146. The method of claim 127 wherein the target nucleic acid is immobilized.
147. A method for determining the presence or the absence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, comprising
(A) forming a mixture comprising:
(i) the nucleic acid molecules of the sample;
(ii) a first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T1) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a first sequence that is at least substantially complementary to the target nucleic acid,
(b) a sequence of the antisense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS), and
(c) a second sequence having at most 25 nucleotides;

(iii) a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially identical to the second sequence of T1, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS; and

(iv) a first nicking endonuclease (NA) that recognizes the first NARS, a second NA that recognizes the second NARS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s);

(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2) if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample; and
(C) detecting the presence or the absence of A2 to determine the presence, or the absence, of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
148. The method of claim 147 wherein the first NARS and the second NARS are identical and recognizable by a nicking endonuclease.
149. The method of claim 147 wherein the T1 is immobilized.
150. The method of claim 147 wherein the T2 is immobilized.
151. The method of claim 147 wherein the target nucleic acid is immobilized.
152. A method for determining the presence or the absence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, comprising
(A) form a mixture comprising:
(i) the nucleic acid molecules of the sample;
(ii) a first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T1) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to the target nucleic acid, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS),

(iii) a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to the sequence of T1 that is located 3 to the sequence of the sense strand of the first NARS, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS; and

(iv) a first nicking endonuclease (NA) that recognizes the first NARS, a second NA that recognizes the second NARS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s);

(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2) that
(i) is at least substantially identical to the target nucleic acid, and
(ii) has at most 25 nucleotides if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample; and

(C) detecting the presence or the absence of A2 to determine the presence, or the absence, of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
153. The method of claim 152 wherein the first and second NARS are identical.
154. The method of claim 152 wherein the T1 is immobilized.
155. The method of claim 152 wherein the T2 is immobilized.
156. The method of claim 152 wherein the target nucleic acid is immobilized.
157. A method for determining the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid that comprises a first nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS) in a sample, the method comprising:
(A) forming a mixture comprising:
(i) the nucleic acid molecules of the sample,
(ii) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially identical to a portion of the target nucleic acid molecule located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NERS, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, and

(iii) a first nicking endonuclease (NE) that recognizes the first NERS; a second NE that recognizes the second NERS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s);

(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2) if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample; and
(C) detecting the presence or absence of A2 to determine the presence or absence of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
158. The method of claim 157 wherein the first NERS is identical to the second NERS.
159. A method for determining the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid that comprises a first nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS) in a sample, the method comprising:
(A) forming a mixture comprising:
(i) the target nucleic acid molecule,
(ii) a first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T1) that is substantially identical to one strand of the target nucleic acid and comprise a sequence of the antisense strand of the first NERS,
(iii) a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially identical to a portion of T1 located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NERS, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, and

(iv) a first nicking endonuclease (NE) that recognizes the first NERS; a second NE that recognizes the second NERS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s);

(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2) if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample; and
(C) detecting the presence or absence of A2 to determine the presence or absence of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
160. The method of claim 159 wherein the first NERS is identical to the second NERS.
161. The method of claim 159 wherein A2 has at most 25 nucleotides.
162. The method of claim 159 wherein the T1 is immobilized.
163. The method of claim 159 wherein the target nucleic acid is immobilized.
164. A method for determining the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, comprising
(A) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP, and the nucleic acid molecules of the sample, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand,
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a first restriction endonuclease recognition sequence (RERS) and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a first portion of the first strand of the target nucleic acid, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a second portion of the second strand of the target nucleic acid and comprises a sequence of the sense strand of a second RERS, the second portion being located 3 to the complement of the first portion in the second strand of the target nucleic acid,
or

(ii) if the target nucleic acid is a single-stranded nucleic acid, the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a first RERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially identical to a first portion of the target nucleic acid, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a second portion of the target nucleic acid and comprises a sequence of the sense strand of a second RERS, the second portion being located 5 to the first portion in the target nucleic acid;
(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that, if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample, exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) in the presence of restriction endonucleases (REs) that recognize the first RERS and the second RERS, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and at least one modified deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, and a DNA polymerase, wherein A2 is no more than 25 nucleotides in length; and
(C) detecting the presence or absence of A2 to determine the presence or absence of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
165. The method of claim 164 wherein the first RERS is identical to the second RERS.
166. A method for determining the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, comprising
(A) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP, and the nucleic acid molecules of the sample, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand,
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a first nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS) and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a first portion of the first strand of the target nucleic acid, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a second portion of the second strand of the target nucleic acid and comprises a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, the second portion being located 3 to the complement of the first portion in the second strand of the target nucleic acid,
or

(ii) if the target nucleic acid is a single-stranded nucleic acid, the first ODNP comprises a sequence of a sense strand of a first NERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially identical to a first portion of the target nucleic acid, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a second portion of the target nucleic acid and comprises a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, the second portion being located 5 to the first portion in the target nucleic acid;
(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that, if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample, exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) in the presence of nicking endonucleases (NEs) that recognize the first NERS and the second NERS, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and a DNA polymerase, wherein A2 is no more than 25 nucleotides in length; and
(C) detecting the presence or absence of A2 to determine the presence or absence of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
167. The method of claim 166 wherein the first RERS is identical to the second RERS.
168. A method for determining the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, comprising
(A) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP, and the nucleic acid molecule of the sample, wherein
(i) if the target nucleic acid is a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand and a second strand,
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a first nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS) and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a first portion of the first strand of the target nucleic acid, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a second portion of the second strand of the target nucleic acid and comprises a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, the second portion being located 3 to the complement of the first portion in the second strand of the target nucleic acid,
or

(ii) if the target nucleic acid is a single-stranded nucleic acid,
the first ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence of a sense strand of a first NERS and a nucleotide sequence at least substantially identical to a first portion of the target nucleic acid, and
the second ODNP comprises a nucleotide sequence at least substantially complementary to a second portion of the target nucleic acid and comprises a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, the second portion being located 5 to the first portion in the target nucleic acid;
(B) subjecting the mixture to conditions that, if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample,
(i) extend the first and the second ODNPs to produce an extension product comprising both the first and the second NERSs;
(ii) amplify a first single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A1) using one strand of the extension product of step (b) as a template in the presence of one more nicking endonucleases (NEs) that recognizes the first and the second NERSs;
(iii) in the presence of a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) capable of annealing to A1, amplify a third single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) using A1 as a template, wherein A1, A2 or both have at most 25 nucleotides, and wherein T2 comprising, from 5 to 3:
(a) a sequence of the sense strand of a third NERS, and
(b) a sequence at least substantially complementary to A1; and
(C) detecting the presence or absence of A2 to determine the presence or absence of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
169. The method of claim 168 wherein the first, second and third NERSs are identical.
170. A method for determining the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, comprising
(A) forming a mixture comprising:
(i) the nucleic acid molecules of the sample,
(ii) a single-stranded nucleic acid probe (T1) that comprises, from 3 to 5, a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to the 5 portion of the target nucleic acid, and a sequence of the antisense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS),

(B) separating the probe molecules that have hybridized to the target nucleic acid, if any, from those that have not hybridized to the target nucleic acid;
(C) performing an amplification reaction in the presence of the probe molecules that have hybridized to the target nucleic acid, if any, and a first nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS;
(D) providing a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, and
(ii) a sequence that is at least substantially identical to the portion of the first single-stranded nucleic acid probe located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS,

(E) performing an amplification reaction in the presence of a second NA that recognizes the second NARS;
(F) detecting the presence or absence of the amplification product of step (E) to determine the presence or absence of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
171. The method of claim 170 wherein the first and second NARSs are identical.
172. The method of claim 170 wherein the nucleic acid molecules of the sample are single-stranded or denatured to be single-stranded and immobilized via their 5 termini.
173. The method of claim 170 wherein the nucleic acid molecules of the sample are immobilized.
174. The method of claim 170 wherein the single-stranded nucleic acid probe T1 is immobilized.
175. A method for determining the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, comprising
(A) forming a mixture comprising:
(i) the nucleic acid molecules of the sample,
(ii) a partially double-stranded nucleic acid probe that comprises:
(a) a sequence of a sense strand of a first NARS, a sequence of an antisense of the first NARS, or both; and
(b) a 5 overhang in the strand that the strand itself or an extension product thereof contains a nicking site (NS) nickable by a first nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS, or
a 3 overhang in the strand that neither the strand nor an extension product thereof contains the NS,

wherein each overhang comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least substantially complementary to the target nucleic acid;
(B) separating the probe molecules that have hybridized to the target nucleic acid, if any, from those that have not hybridized to the target nucleic acid;
(C) performing an amplification reaction in the presence of the probe molecules that have hybridized to the target nucleic acid, if any, and a first nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS;
(D) providing a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, and
(ii) a sequence that is at least substantially identical to the portion of the nucleic acid probe located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS,

(E) performing an amplification reaction in the presence of a second NA that recognizes the second NARS;
(F) detecting the presence or absence of the amplification product of step (E) to determine the presence or absence of the target nucleic acid in the sample.
176. The method of claim 175 wherein the first and second NARSs are identical.
177. The method of claim 175 wherein the nucleic acid molecules of the sample are immobilized.
178. A method for determining the presence or absence of a junction between two specific exons in a cDNA molecule, comprising:
(A) providing an at least partially double-stranded nucleic acid molecule (N1) comprising
(i) at least one of a sequence of the sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS) and a sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS, and
(ii) at least one strand of a portion of the cDNA molecule, the portion being suspected to contain the junction between the two exons;

(B) amplifying a first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A1) in the presence of a nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s), wherein the amplifying uses the portion of the cDNA as a template for the polymerase;
(C) providing a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, and
(ii) a sequence that is at least substantially complementary to A1;

(D) amplifying a third single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2) in the presence of T2, A1, the first NA, a second NA that recognizes the second NARS, the DNA polymerase, and the dexoynucleoside triphosphate(s), wherein A2 is at least substantially complementary to A1; and
(E) detecting andor characterizing A2 to determine the presence or absence of the junction in the cDNA molecule.
179. The method of claim 178 wherein the first NARS is identical to the second NARS.
180. The method of claim 178 wherein both the first and the second NAs are nicking endonucleases (NEs).
181. The method of claim 180 wherein both the first and the second NAs are N.BstNB I.
182. The method of claim 179 wherein both the first and second NAS are a nicking endonuclease (NE).
183. The method of claim 178 wherein steps (A)-(D) are performed in a single vessel.
184. The method of claim 178 wherein N1 comprises the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NARS.
185. The method of claim 178 wherein N1 comprises the sequence of the sense strand of the first NARS.
186. The method of claim 185 wherein both the first and the second NAs are restriction endonucleases (REs), and at least one of the nucleoside triphosphate(s) is modified.
187. The method of claim 178 wherein A1 is from 8 to 24 nucleotides in length.
188. The method of claim 187 wherein A1 is from 12 to 17 nucleotides in length.
189. The method of claim 178 wherein A2 is from 8 to 24 nucleotides in length.
190. The method of claim 189 wherein A2 is from 12 to 17 nucleotides in length.
191. The method of claim 178 wherein each of steps (B) and (D) is performed under isothermal conditions.
192. The method of claim 191 wherein each of steps (B) and (D) is performed at 50 C.-70 C.
193. The method of claim 178 wherein the DNA polymerase is 53 exonuclease deficient.
194. The method of claim 193 wherein the 53 exonuclease deficient DNA polymerase is selected from the group consisting of exo Vent, exo Deep Vent, exo Bst, exo Pfu, exo Bca, the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, T5 DNA polymerase, Phi29 DNA polymerase, phage M2 DNA polymerase, phage PhiPRD1 DNA polymerase, Sequenase, PRD1 DNA polymerase, 9 Nm polymerase and T4 DNA polymerase homoenzyme.
195. The method of claim 194 wherein the 53 exonuclease deficient DNA polymerase is exo Bst polymerase, exo Bca polymerase, exo Vent polymerase, exo Deep Vent polymerase, or 90 Nm polymerase.
196. The method of claim 178 wherein the DNA polymerase has a strand displacement activity.
197. The method of claim 178 wherein each of steps (B) and (D) is performed in the presence of a strand displacement facilitator.
198. The method of claim 197 wherein the strand displacement facilitator is selected from the group consisting of BMRF1 polymerase accessory subunit, adenovirus DNA-binding protein, herpes simplex viral protein ICP8, single-stranded DNA binding proteins, phage T4 gene 32 protein, calf thymus helicase, and trehalose.
199. The method of claim 198 wherein the strand displacement facilitator is trehalose.
200. The method of claim 178 wherein step (E) is performed at least partially by the use of a technique selected from the group consisting of mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, fluorescence polarization, and electrophoresis.
201. The method of claim 200 wherein step (E) is performed at least partially by the use of liquid chromatography.
202. The method of claim 200 wherein step (E) is performed at least partially by the use of mass spectrometry.
203. The method of claim 178 wherein the N1 is immobilized.
204. The method of claim 203 wherein the T2 is immobilized.
205. A method for determining the presence or absence of a junction between two exons in a cDNA molecule, wherein the junction, if present, is located 5 to a sequence of the antisense strand of a first nicking endonuclease recognition sequence (NERS) in the cDNA molecule, the method comprising:
(A) forming a mixture comprising:
(i) the cDNA molecule,
(ii) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising from 3 to 5:
(a) a sequence that is at least substantially identical to a portion of the cDNA molecule located 5 to the sequence of the antisense strand of the first NERS, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NERS, and

(iii) a first nicking endonuclease (NE) that recognizes the first NERS; a second NE that recognizes the second NERS, a DNA polymerase, and one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphate(s);

(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A2); and
(C) characterizing A2 to determine the presence or absence of the junction in the cDNA molecule.
206. The method of claim 205 wherein the first NERS is identical to the second NERS.
207. A method for determining the presence or absence of a junction between an upstream exon (Exon A) and a downstream exon (Exon B) of a gene in a cDNA molecule, comprising
(A) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP, and the cDNA molecule, wherein
(i) the first ODNP comprises a sequence at least substantially complementary to a portion of the antisense strand of Exon A near the 5 terminus of Exon A in the antisense strand,
(ii) the second ODNP comprises a sequence at least substantially complementary to a portion of the sense strand of Exon B near the 5 terminus of Exon B in the sense strand, and
(iii) at least one of the first ODNP and the second ODNP further comprises a sequence of a sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS); and

(B) performing a first amplification reaction in the presence of a nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS under the conditions that amplify a first single-stranded nucleic acid (A1) if both Exon A and Exon B are present in the cDNA;
(C) providing a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS, and
(ii) a sequence at least substantially complementary to A1;

(D) performing a second amplification reaction in the presence of a second NA that recognizes the second NARS under the conditions that amplify a third single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) using A1 as a template if both Exon A and Exon B are present in the cDNA molecule; and
(G) detecting andor characterizing A2 to determine the presence or absence of the junction between Exon A and Exon B in the cDNA molecule.
208. The method of claim 207 wherein the first NARS is identical to the second NARS.
209. The method of claim 207 wherein the cDNA molecule is immobilized.
210. The method of claim 207 wherein the first ODNP, the second ODNP or both are immobilized.
211. A method for determining the presence or absence of a junction between an upstream exon (Exon A) and a downstream exon (Exon B) of a gene in a cDNA molecule, comprising
(A) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP, and the cDNA molecule, wherein
(i) the first ODNP comprises
(a) a sequence at least substantially complementary to a portion of the antisense strand of Exon A near the 5 terminus of Exon A in the antisense strand, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS); and

(ii) the second ODNP comprises
(a) a sequence at least substantially complementary to a portion of the sense strand of Exon B near the 5 terminus of Exon B in the sense strand, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS;
(B) performing a first amplification reaction in the presence of a first nicking agent (NA) that recognizes the first NARS and a second NA that recognizes the second NARS under the conditions that amplify a first single-stranded nucleic acid (A1) if both Exon A and Exon B are present in the cDNA;
(C) providing a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (T2) comprising, from 5 to 3:
(i) a sequence of the sense strand of a third NARS, and
(ii) a sequence at least substantially complementary to A1;

(D) performing a second amplification reaction in the presence of a third NA that recognizes the second NARS under the conditions that amplify a third single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2) using A1 as a template if both Exon A and Exon B are present in the cDNA molecule; and
(E) detecting andor characterizing A2 to determine the presence or absence of the junction between Exon A and Exon B in the cDNA molecule.
212. The method of 211 wherein the first, second and third NARS are identical.
213. A method for determining the presence or absence of a junction between an upstream exon (Exon A) and a downstream exon (Exon B) of a gene in a cDNA molecule, comprising
(A) forming a mixture of a first oligonucleotide primer (ODNP), a second ODNP, and the cDNA molecule, wherein
(i) the first ODNP comprises
(a) a sequence at least substantially complementary to a portion of the antisense strand of Exon A near the 5 terminus of Exon A in the antisense strand, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a first nicking agent recognition sequence (NARS); and

(ii) the second ODNP comprises
(a) a sequence at least substantially complementary to a portion of the sense strand of Exon B near the 5 terminus of Exon B in the sense strand, and
(b) a sequence of the sense strand of a second NARS;
(B) maintaining the mixture at conditions that, if both Exon A and Exon B are present in the cDNA molecule, exponentially amplify a single-stranded nucleic acid fragment (A2); and
(C) detecting andor characterizing A2 to determine the presence or absence of the junction between Exon A and Exon B in the cDNA molecule.
214. The method of claim 213 wherein the first and second NERSs are identical.
215. The method of claim 213 wherein the cDNA molecule is immobilized.
216. The method of claim 213 wherein the first ODNP, the second ODNP or both are immobilized.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A cellular telephone encryption system for protecting messages for a handset, the cellular telephone encryption system comprising:
a key that is larger than the messages, wherein the key is arranged circularly;
an index indicating a reference point for a cryptographic pad, wherein the cryptographic pad is a subset of the key;
a cryptographic algorithm that cryptographically processes a message as a function of the cryptographic pad; and
a wireless transceiver that sends or receives the message.
2. The cellular telephone encryption system for protecting messages for the handset as recited in claim 1, wherein the index is embedded into the message.
3. The cellular telephone encryption system for protecting messages for the handset as recited in claim 1, wherein the cryptographic algorithm takes a character from a payload of the message and replaces it with a different character.
4. The cellular telephone encryption system for protecting messages for the handset as recited in claim 1, wherein the message is a short message service (SMS) message.
5. The cellular telephone encryption system for protecting messages for the handset as recited in claim 1, wherein the wireless transceiver is in the handset and sends the message.
6. The cellular telephone encryption system for protecting messages for the handset as recited in claim 1, wherein the cryptographic pad is pulled from the key using non-sequential information.
7. A method for cryptographically processing short message service (SMS) messages of a handset, the method comprising:
loading a key;
determining an index within the key;
determining a replacement character that is a function of a cryptographic pad located by the index; and
replacing a character in the payload of the SMS message with the replacement character.
8. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, further comprising receiving the key from a wireless network.
9. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, wherein the index is a function of a value in a payload for the SMS message.
10. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, wherein the replacement character is from a predefined character set.
11. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, wherein a stream cipher is used for encryption of the SMS.
12. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, wherein the key is randomly generated.
13. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, wherein the key is binary.
14. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, further comprising:
detecting tampering with a handset holding the key; and
making the key unreadable.
15. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, wherein the key is known to both a server and a handset communicating the SMS message.
16. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 7, wherein the predefined character set is a 7 bit SMS character set.
17. A method for cryptographically processing short message service (SMS) messages of a handset, the method comprising:
providing a value that identifies a cryptographic pad, from a plurality of cryptographic pads, to use to cryptographically process a SMS message;
loading the cryptographic pad chosen;
determining a replacement character that is a function of the cryptographic pad identified by the value; and
replacing a character in the payload of the SMS message with the replacement character.
18. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 17, wherein the value is stored in the SMS message.
19. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 17, wherein the SMS message is decrypted by successively replacing characters in the SMS message using the cryptographic pad.
20. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 17, wherein the SMS message is encrypted by successively replacing characters in the SMS message using the cryptographic pad.
21. The method for cryptographically processing SMS messages of the handset as recited in claim 17, further comprising sending the SMS message from a handset over a wireless network.