1. A process for removing catalyst particles from a dilute phase zone of a vessel and recovering the catalyst particles in a dense phase zone, comprising:
flowing a gas through a dense phase zone of fluidized catalyst particles, wherein the catalyst particles have a particle size distribution such that not greater than about 20 wt % of the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have an average diameter less than or equal to 20 \u03bcm;
flowing the gas containing at least a portion of smaller catalyst particles into a dilute phase zone;
applying an acoustic waveform to the dilute phase zone to agglomerate at least a portion of the smaller catalyst particles in the dilute phase zone;
removing at least a portion of the agglomerated particles from the dilute phase zone; and recovering at least a portion of the removed particles in a dense phase zone.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the gas is a hydrocarbon or regeneration medium.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles are molecular sieve catalyst particles.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles have an ARI of not greater than 5 wt %hr.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the dilute phase zone has a particle density less than that of the dense phase zone.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles have a particle size in which not greater than about 20 wt % of the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have an average diameter greater than or equal to about 250 \u03bcm.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have a particle size distribution in \u03bcm of 1<d10<75; 20<d50<200; and 50<d90<400.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein the dilute phase zone has a solid volume of from about 0.01% to about 15%.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein the dilute phase zone typically has about 1% or less solid volume as that contained in the dense phase zone.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein, the dense phase zone has a solid volume content of from about 20% to about 40%.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein the dilute phase zone and dense phase zone located in a common vessel.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein the acoustic waveform is amplitude modulated, frequency modulated, or both amplitude and frequency modulated.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the acoustic waveform is modulated in a frequency range of up to 1 GHz.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein the acoustic waveform is modulated in amplitude range of up to 200 dB referenced to 20 micro-Pascals.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein the acoustic waveform is applied as a standing waveform.
16. The process of claim 1, wherein the agglomerated particles are removed using a disengaging unit.
17. A process for separating solid particles from a gas composition in a vessel having a dilute phase zone and a dense phase zone, wherein the dilute phase zone has a particle density less than that of the dense phase zone, the process comprising:
flowing a gas through a dense phase zone of fluidized catalyst particles, wherein the catalyst particles have a particle size distribution such that not greater than about 20 wt % of the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have an average diameter less than or equal to 20 \u03bcm;
flowing the gas composition containing at least a portion of smaller solid particles through the dilute phase zone of the vessel;
applying an acoustic waveform to the dilute phase zone to agglomerate at least a portion of the smaller particles in the gas composition;
flowing at least a portion of the gas and agglomerated particles through one or more cyclones to separate at least a portion of the agglomerated particles from the gas; and
sending at least a portion of the separated particles to the dense phase zone of the vessel.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein the gas is a hydrocarbon or regeneration medium.
19. The process of claim 17, wherein the catalyst particles are molecular sieve catalyst particles.
20. The process of claim 17, wherein the catalyst particles have an ARI of not greater than 5 wt %hr.
21. The process of claim 17, wherein the dilute phase zone has a particle density less than that of the dense phase zone.
22. The process of claim 17, wherein the catalyst particles have a particle size in which not greater than about 20 wt % of the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have an average diameter greater than or equal to about 250 \u03bcm.
23. The process of claim 17, wherein the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have a particle size distribution in \u03bcm of 1<d10<75; 20<d50<200; and 50<d90<400.
24. The process of claim 17, wherein the dilute phase zone has a solid volume of from about 0.01% to about 15%.
25. The process of claim 17, wherein the dilute phase zone typically has about 1% or less solid volume as that contained in the dense phase zone.
26. The process of claim 17, wherein, the dense phase zone has a solid volume content of from about 20% to about 40%.
27. The process of claim 17, wherein the dilute phase zone and dense phase zone located in a common vessel.
28. The process of claim 17, wherein the acoustic waveform is amplitude modulated, frequency modulated, or both amplitude and frequency modulated.
29. The process of claim 17, wherein the acoustic waveform is modulated in a frequency range of up to 1 GHz.
30. The process of claim 17, wherein the acoustic waveform is modulated in amplitude range of up to 200 dB referenced to 20 micro-Pascals.
31. The process of claim 17, wherein the acoustic waveform is applied as a standing waveform.
32. The process of claim 17, wherein the agglomerated particles are removed using a disengaging unit.
33. A process for separating catalyst particles from hydrocarbon, comprising:
flowing a hydrocarbon feed gas through a fluidized catalyst bed to convert the feed gas to hydrocarbon product, the bed comprising catalyst particles having a particle size distribution such that not greater than about 20 wt % of the catalyst particles in the bed have an average diameter less than or equal to 20 \u03bcm;
flowing the hydrocarbon product containing at least a portion of smaller solid catalyst particles through a dilute phase zone having a catalyst density less than that of the fluidized catalyst bed;
contacting the catalyst particles in the dilute phase zone with an acoustic waveform to agglomerate at least a portion of the catalyst particles; and
flowing at least a portion of the agglomerated catalyst particles and hydrocarbon product to one or more cyclones to separate at least a portion of the agglomerated particles from the gas.
34. The process of claim 33, wherein the gas is a hydrocarbon or regeneration medium.
35. The process of claim 33, wherein the catalyst particles are molecular sieve catalyst particles.
36. The process of claim 33, wherein the catalyst particles have an ARI of not greater than 5 wt %hr.
37. The process of claim 33, wherein the dilute phase zone has a particle density less than that of the dense phase zone.
38. The process of claim 33, wherein the catalyst particles have a particle size in which not greater than about 20 wt % of the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have an average diameter greater than or equal to about 250 \u03bcm.
39. The process of claim 33, wherein the catalyst particles in the dense phase zone have a particle size distribution in \u03bcm of 1<d10<75; 20<d50<200; and 50<d90<400.
40. The process of claim 33, wherein the dilute phase zone has a solid volume of from about 0.01% to about 15%.
41. The process of claim 33, wherein the dilute phase zone typically has about 1% or less solid volume as that contained in the dense phase zone.
42. The process of claim 33, wherein, the dense phase zone has a solid volume content of from about 20% to about 40%.
43. The process of claim 33, wherein the dilute phase zone and dense phase zone located in a common vessel.
44. The process of claim 33, wherein the acoustic waveform is amplitude modulated, frequency modulated, or both amplitude and frequency modulated.
45. The process of claim 33, wherein the acoustic waveform is modulated in a frequency range of up to 1 GHz.
46. The process of claim 33, wherein the acoustic waveform is modulated in amplitude range of up to 200 dB referenced to 20 micro-Pascals.
47. The process of claim 33, wherein the acoustic waveform is applied as a standing waveform.
48. The process of claim 33, wherein the agglomerated particles are removed using a disengaging unit.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A frame error concealment method comprising:
when a frame is classified as a current error frame or a next good frame after an error frame, selecting one mode from among a plurality of modes including a first mode using phase matching and a second mode using repetition and smoothing, based on a plurality of parameters including stationarity of the frame; and
performing a corresponding time domain error concealment processing on the frame based on the selected mode.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing a frequency domain error concealment processing on the frame when the frame is the current error frame.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of parameters include a first parameter, which is generated to determine whether the first mode is used in a next error frame for a good frame, and a second parameter, which is generated according to whether the first mode is used in a previous frame of the frame.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first parameter is generated using energy and spectral coefficients of sub-bands in the good frame.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein when the first mode is selected, the performing a corresponding time domain error concealment processing is based on copying a phase-matched time domain signal obtained from a plurality of previous good frames.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein when the first mode is selected, the performing a corresponding time domain error concealment processing is based on whether the frame is a single error frame, a burst error frame or the next good frame.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein when the second mode is selected, the performing a corresponding time domain error concealment processing is based on whether the frame is a single error frame, a burst error frame or the next good frame.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein when the first mode is selected and the frame is the current error frame, the performing a corresponding time domain error concealment processing is based on copying a phase-matched time domain signal obtained from a plurality if previous good frames, to the frame and smoothing processing between the frame and adjacent frames.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the smoothing processing includes processing on a beginning part and an end part of the current error frame.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the smoothing processing includes processing on a beginning part of the current error frame.