1. A hybrid passive optical network (\u201cPON\u201d), comprising:
a time-division multiplexing (\u201cTDM\u201d) optical line terminal (\u201cOLT\u201d) for delivering communication services to a first group of customer premises (\u201cCPs\u201d) via TDM signals;
a wavelength-division multiplexing (\u201cWDM\u201d) OLT for delivering the communication services to a second group of CPs via WDM signals;
a remote node power splitter coupled to receive the TDM signals and the WDM signals and to broadcast both the TDM signals and the WDM signals on all ports of the remote node power splitter facing towards the first and second groups of CPs; and
optical filters each disposed between the remote node power splitter and a corresponding one of the second group of CPs, each of the optical filters configured to pass a sub-group of the WDM signals while blocking other WDM signals such that each of the second group of CPs receives its own allocation of the WDM signals but does not receive the WDM signals allocated to other CPs of the second group of CPs.
2. The hybrid PON of claim 1, further comprising:
an optical combiner having a first optical port coupled to the TDM OLT, a second optical port coupled to the WDM OLT, and a third optical port, the optical combiner configured to combine the TDM signals and the WDM signals onto the third optical port in a downstream direction and to separate the TDM and WDM signals to the first and second optical ports, respectively, in an upstream direction; and
a trunk line coupled between the third optical port and the remote node power splitter.
3. The hybrid PON of claim 1, wherein the remote node power splitter comprises a 2:N power splitter having two upstream ports and N downstream ports facing the first and second groups of CPs, and further comprising:
a first trunk line coupling the TDM OLT to a first upstream port of the 2:N power splitter to carry the TDM signals; and
a second trunk line coupling the WDM OLT to a second upstream port of the 2:N power splitter to carry the WDM signals.
4. The hybrid PON of claim 1, wherein the WDM OLT comprises:
an integrated array of laser sources to generate downstream WDM signals having downstream carrier wavelengths of a WDM passive optical network (\u201cPON\u201d) wavelength grid;
an integrated array of photo-detectors to receive upstream WDM signals having upstream carrier wavelengths of the WDM PON wavelength grid; and
a wavelength interleaving multiplexerdemultiplexer coupled to the array of laser sources and the array of photo-detectors to interleave the downstream WDM signals with the upstream WDM signals such that consecutive communication wavelengths of the WDM PON wavelength grid are alternately assigned between the downstream and upstream WDM signals and each of the second group of CPs is assigned adjacent ones of the communication wavelengths.
5. The hybrid PON of claim 4, wherein the wavelength interleaving multiplexerdemultiplexer comprises:
downstream wavelength multiplexers each coupled to a different sub-group of the array of laser sources;
upstream wavelength de-multiplexers each coupled to a different sub-group of the photo-detectors; and
an interleaver block coupled between an inputoutput (\u201cIO\u201d) port of the WDM OLT and both the downstream wavelength multiplexers and the upstream wavelength de-multiplexers.
6. The hybrid PON of claim 5, wherein the interleaver block comprises:
a M:1 interleaver having M input ports coupled to M downstream wavelength multiplexers;
a M:1 de-interleaver having M output ports coupled to M upstream wavelength de-multiplexers; and
a 2:1 interleaver coupling the M:1 interleaver and the M:1 de-interleaver to the IO port of the WDM OLT.
7. The hybrid PON of claim 1, wherein the WDM OLT comprises:
a first array of laser sources coupled to a first wavelength multiplexer, the first array of laser sources configured to generate a first portion of downstream carrier wavelengths of the WDM signals having a first wavelength spacing that is greater than a second wavelength spacing of the downstream carrier wavelengths of a WDM-PON wavelength grid;
a second array of laser sources coupled to a second wavelength multiplexer, the second array of laser sources configured to generate a second portion of the downstream carrier wavelengths of the WDM signals also having the first wavelength spacing but offset relative to the first portion of the downstream carrier wavelengths; and
an interleaver block coupled to the first and second wavelength multiplexers to interleave the WDM signals to provide the second wavelength spacing of the downstream carrier wavelengths of the WDM-PON wavelength grid.
8. The hybrid PON of claim 1, further comprising:
TDM optical network units (\u201cONUs\u201d) disposed at the first group of CPs to convert the TDM signals between an optical realm and an electrical realm; and
WDM ONUs disposed at the second group of the CPs to convert the WDM signals between the optical and electrical realms.
9. The hybrid PON of claim 8, wherein the WDM ONUs comprise:
an optical diplexer having an upstream port and first and second downstream ports;
a photo-detector coupled to the first downstream port of the optical diplexer, the photo-detector being a broadband photo-detector capable of receiving any downstream wavelength of the WDM signals;
a tunable laser source coupled to the second downstream port of the optical diplexer, the tunable laser source tunable to output upstream WDM signals with a selected upstream wavelength; and
a media access controller coupled to the photo-detector and the tunable laser source.
10. The hybrid PON of claim 9, wherein the optical diplexer comprises a cyclical diplexer having a comb interleaver filter function that aligns with spacings between the upstream and downstream wavelengths of a WDM PON of the hybrid PON.
11. A system for use with a passive optical network (\u201cPON\u201d), the system comprising:
an array of laser sources to generate downstream wavelength division multiplexing (\u201cWDM\u201d) signals having downstream carrier wavelengths of a WDM-PON wavelength grid;
an array of photo-detectors to receive upstream WDM signals having upstream carrier wavelengths of the WDM-PON wavelength grid; and
a wavelength interleaving multiplexerdemultiplexer coupled to the array of laser sources and the array of photo-detectors to interleave the downstream WDM signals with the upstream WDM signals such that consecutive communication wavelengths of the WDM-PON wavelength grid are alternately assigned between the downstream and upstream WDM signals,
wherein the array of laser sources, the array of photo-detectors, and the wavelength interleaving multiplexerdemultiplexer are components of a WDM optical line terminal (\u201cOLT\u201d) for delivering communication services to a first group of customer premises (\u201cCPs) via WDM signals.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the wavelength interleaving multiplexerdemultiplexer comprises:
downstream wavelength multiplexers each coupled to a different integrated sub-group of the array of laser sources;
upstream wavelength de-multiplexers each coupled to a different integrated sub-group of the photo-detectors; and
an interleaver block coupled between an inputoutput (\u201cIO\u201d) port of the WDM OLT and both the downstream wavelength multiplexers and the upstream wavelength de-multiplexers.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the interleaver block comprises:
a M:1 interleaver having M input ports coupled to M downstream wavelength multiplexers;
a M:1 de-interleaver having M output ports coupled to M upstream wavelength de-multiplexers; and
a 2:1 interleaver coupling the M:1 interleaver and the M:1 de-interleaver to the IO port of the WDM OLT.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the interleaver block further comprises at least one of:
a first Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (\u201cEDFA\u201d) coupled between the M:1 interleaver and the 2:1 interleaver to amplify the downstream WDM signals; or
a second EDFA coupled between the 2:1 interleaver and the M:1 de-interleaver to amplifier the upstream WDM signals.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein the interleaver block comprises:
an M:1 interleaver having M input ports coupled to M downstream wavelength multiplexers;
an M:1 de-interleaver having M output ports coupled to M upstream wavelength de-multiplexers; and
an optical circulator coupling the M:1 interleaver and the M:1 de-interleaver to the IO port of the WDM OLT.
16. The system of claim 12, wherein the interleaver block comprises:
an M:1 interleaver having M input ports coupled to M downstream wavelength multiplexers;
an M:1 de-interleaver having M output ports coupled to M upstream wavelength de-multiplexers; and
an optical power splitter coupling the M:1 interleaver and the M:1 de-interleaver to the IO port of the WDM OLT.
17. The system of claim 12, wherein the interleaver block comprises a 2M:1 interleaver.
18. The system of claim 12, wherein the interleaver block comprises:
an M:1 band-MUX having M input ports coupled to M downstream wavelength multiplexers;
an M:1 band-DEMUX having M output ports coupled to M upstream wavelength de-multiplexers; and
a 2:1 interleaver coupling the M:1 band-MUX and the M:1 band-DEMUX to the IO port of the WDM OLT.
19. The system of claim 12, wherein each integrated sub-group of the array of laser sources coupled to a given downstream wavelength multiplexer generates a portion of the downstream carrier wavelengths having a first wavelength spacing that is greater than a second wavelength spacing of the downstream carrier wavelengths of the WDM PON wavelength grid and wherein the interleaver block is coupled to combine the downstream carrier wavelengths from the integrated sub-groups of the array of laser sources to provide the second wavelength spacing of the downstream carrier wavelengths of the WDM PON wavelength grid.
20. The system of claim 11, wherein the PON comprises a hybrid-PON, the system further comprising:
a time-division multiplexing (\u201cTDM\u201d) optical line terminal (\u201cOLT\u201d) for delivering the communication services to a second group of CPs via TDM signals;
a remote node power splitter coupled to receive the TDM signals and the WDM signals and broadcast both the TDM signals and the WDM signals on all ports of the remote node power splitter facing towards the first and second groups of CPs; and
optical filters each disposed between the remote node power splitter and a corresponding one of the first group of CPs, each of the optical filters are configured to pass a sub-group of the WDM signals while blocking other WDM signals such that each of the first group of CPs receives its own allocation of the WDM signals but does not receive the WDM signals allocated to other CPs of the first group of CPs.
21. The hybrid PON of claim 20, further comprising:
an optical combiner having a first optical port coupled to the TDM OLT, a second optical port coupled to the WDM OLT, and a third optical port, the optical combiner configured to combine the TDM signals and the WDM signals onto the third optical port in a downstream direction and to separate the TDM and WDM signals to the first and second optical ports, respectively, in an upstream direction; and
a trunk line coupled between the third optical port and the remote node power splitter.
22. The hybrid PON of claim 20, wherein the remote node power splitter comprises a 2:N power splitter having two upstream ports and N downstream ports facing the first and second groups of CPs, and further comprising:
a first trunk line coupling the TDM OLT to a first upstream port of the 2:N power splitter to carry the TDM signals; and
second trunk line coupling the WDM OLT to a second upstream port of the 2:N power splitter to carry the WDM signals.
23. A method of migrating from time-division multiplexing (\u201cTDM\u201d) to wavelength-division multiplexing (\u201cWDM\u201d) within a hybrid passive optical network (\u201cPON\u201d), the method comprising:
initially providing customer premises (\u201cCPs\u201d) communication services via a TDM optical line terminal (\u201cOLT\u201d) using TDM signals broadcast onto the hybrid PON;
selecting a given CP to migrate from the TDM to the WDM using WDM signals;
delivering the TDM signals and the WDM signals to a remote node power splitter;
broadcasting both the TDM signals and the WDM signals on all ports of the remote node power splitter facing towards the CPs including a given CP; and
providing an optical filter disposed between the remote node power splitter and the given CP migrating to the WDM, the optical filter configured to pass the WDM signals associated with the given CP while blocking other WDM signals associated with other CP using WDM.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
adding additional WDM CPs on a rolling basis; and
providing additional optical filters disposed between the remote node power splitter and the additional WDM CPs migrating to the WDM, each of the additional optical filters configured to pass a different sub-group of the WDM signals while blocking other WDM signals such that each of the additional WDM CPs receives its own allocation of the WDM signals but does not receive the WDM signals allocated to others.
25. The method of claim 24, further comprising swapping an existing TDM optical network unit (\u201cONU\u201d) at the given CP for a WDM ONU upon migrating the given CP from the TDM to the WDM.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance comprising:
providing a replica of a patient’s tooth structure, wherein the replica is comprised of a material that transmits actinic radiation;
placing a photocurable composition in a location between the base of at least one orthodontic appliance and the replica tooth structure; and
directing actinic radiation to the photocurable composition, wherein the act of directing actinic radiation to the photocurable composition is carried out by directing at least a portion of the actinic radiation through the replica tooth structure.
2. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 1 wherein the material comprises a polymeric material.
3. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 1 wherein the material comprises an epoxy resin.
4. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 1 wherein the photocurable composition is an adhesive.
5. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 1 wherein the photocurable composition begins to harden when exposed to actinic radiation in the visible range.
6. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 1 wherein the appliance is an orthodontic bracket made of a metallic material.
7. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 1 wherein the act of placing a photocurable composition in a location between the base of at least one orthodontic appliance and the replica tooth structure includes the act of placing the photocurable composition on the base of at least one orthodontic appliance and the act of relatively moving each appliance and the replica tooth structure such that the photocurable composition engages the replica tooth structure.
8. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 7 wherein the act of relatively moving each appliance and the replica tooth structure includes the act of moving each appliance while the replica tooth structure is stationary.
9. A method of making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 1 wherein the actinic radiation includes radiation in the visible range.
10. An orthodontic appliance having a bonding surface made by the method of claim 1.
11. A method of bonding an orthodontic appliance to a tooth, wherein the appliance has a bonding surface made by the method of claim 1.
12. A method of making orthodontic transfer apparatus for indirect bonding comprising:
making a replica of a patient’s tooth structure, wherein the replica is comprised of a material that transmits actinic radiation;
placing a photocurable composition in a location between the base of at least one orthodontic appliance and the replica tooth structure;
directing actinic radiation to the photocurable composition, wherein the act of directing actinic radiation to the photocurable composition is carried out at least in part by directing actinic radiation through the replica of the patient’s tooth structure; and
forming a transfer apparatus over each appliance and the replica tooth structure.
13. A method of making orthodontic transfer apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the act of forming a transfer apparatus includes the act of providing a matrix material having a Shore A hardness that is in the range of about 10 to about 80.
14. A method of making orthodontic transfer apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the act of forming a transfer apparatus includes the act of providing a curable matrix material that has a viscosity before curing of less than about 60,000 cp.
15. A method of making orthodontic transfer apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the act of forming a transfer apparatus includes the act of placing a spacer material over at least a portion of the replica.
16. A method of making orthodontic transfer apparatus according to claim 15 wherein the act of forming a transfer apparatus over each appliance and replica tooth structure is carried out by forming at least a portion of the transfer apparatus over the spacer material.
17. A method of bonding one or more orthodontic appliances to a patient’s tooth structure using an orthodontic transfer apparatus made according to the method of claim 12.
18. A method of making orthodontic transfer apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the replica material is comprised of a polymeric material.
19. Apparatus for making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance comprising:
a replica of tooth structure, wherein the replica is made of a material that transmits actinic radiation;
an orthodontic appliance;
a photocurable composition between the appliance and the replica; and
a source of actinic radiation that is operable to direct at least a portion of the actinic radiation along a path at least partially in the replica and toward the photocurable composition.
20. Apparatus for making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 18 wherein the photocurable composition is an adhesive.
21. Apparatus for making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 18 wherein the replica material comprises a polymeric material.
22. Apparatus for making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 18 wherein the replica material comprises an epoxy resin.
23. Apparatus for making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 18 wherein the tooth structure includes a replica labial surface of a tooth, and wherein the photocurable composition is in contact with the replica labial surface.
24. Apparatus for making a bonding surface for an orthodontic appliance according to claim 18 wherein the source of actinic radiation provides actinic radiation in the visible wavelengths.