1. A flame retardant composition comprising a phosphorous-containing polymer, the phosphorous-containing polymer being produced by:
(a) reacting a reactant mixture in a condensation reaction to produce a precondensate compound, the reactant mixture comprising a phosphonium compound and a nitrogen-containing compound, wherein:
(i) the phosphonium compound conforms to the structure of Formula (I)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, and C2-C3 haloalkenyl; X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, and hydroxide; b is the charge of the anion X; and a is equal to (\u2212b); and
(ii) the nitrogen-containing compound conforms to the structure of Formula (II)
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, and alkoxymethyl;
(b) reacting the precondensate compound from (a) and a cross-linking composition in a condensation reaction to produce a phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer, the cross-linking composition comprising an alkylene urea compound selected from the group consisting of ethylene urea, propylene urea, and mixtures thereof; and
(c) reacting the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer from (b) with an oxidizing agent to produce the phosphorous-containing polymer, wherein the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer is reacted with the oxidizing agent under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the phosphorous atoms in the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer to a pentavalent state.
2. The flame retardant compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
3. The flame retardant compound of claim 1, wherein X is sulfate, b is negative two, and a is two.
4. The flame retardant compound of claim 1, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each hydrogen.
5. The flame retardant compound of claim 1, wherein the cross-linking composition comprises ethylene urea.
6. The flame retardant compound of claim 1, wherein the cross-linking composition comprises an alkylene urea compound and urea.
7. The flame retardant compound of claim 6, wherein the alkylene urea compound and urea are present in the cross-linking composition at an initial molar ratio of alkylene urea compound to urea of about 3:1 to about 1:3.
8. The flame retardant compound of claim 1, wherein the phosphonium compound and the nitrogen-containing compound are reacted at an initial molar ratio of phosphonium cations to nitrogen-containing compound of about 50:1 to about 3:1.
9. The flame retardant compound of claim 1, wherein the precondensate compound and the cross-linking composition are reacted at an initial weight ratio of precondensate compound to cross-linking composition of about 1:2 to about 10:1.
10. A textile material comprising a textile substrate and a phosphorous-containing polymer, the phosphorous-containing polymer being produced by:
(a) reacting a reactant mixture in a condensation reaction to produce a precondensate compound, the reactant mixture comprising a phosphonium compound and a nitrogen-containing compound, wherein:
(i) the phosphonium compound conforms to the structure of Formula (I)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, and C2-C3 haloalkenyl; X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, and hydroxide; b is the charge of the anion X; and a is equal to (\u2212b); and
(ii) the nitrogen-containing compound conforms to the structure of Formula (II)
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, and alkoxymethyl;
(b) reacting the precondensate compound from (a) and a cross-linking composition in a condensation reaction to produce a phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer, wherein the cross-linking composition comprises an alkylene urea compound selected from the group consisting of ethylene urea, propylene urea, and mixtures thereof; and
(c) reacting the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer from (b) with an oxidizing agent to produce the phosphorous-containing polymer, wherein the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer is reacted with the oxidizing agent under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the phosphorous atoms in the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer to a pentavalent state.
11. The textile material of claim 10, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
12. The textile material of claim 10, wherein X is sulfate, b is negative two, and a is two.
13. The textile material of claim 10, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each hydrogen.
14. The textile material of claim 10, wherein the cross-linking composition comprises ethylene urea.
15. The textile material of claim 10, wherein the cross-linking composition comprises an alkylene urea compound and urea.
16. The textile material of claim 15, wherein the alkylene urea compound and urea are present in the cross-linking composition at an initial molar ratio of alkylene urea compound to urea of about 3:1 to about 1:3.
17. The textile material of claim 10, wherein the phosphonium compound and the nitrogen-containing compound are reacted at an initial molar ratio of phosphonium cations to nitrogen-containing compound of about 50:1 to about 3:1.
18. The textile material of claim 10, wherein the precondensate compound and the cross-linking composition are reacted at an initial weight ratio of precondensate compound to cross-linking composition of about 1:2 to about 10:1.
19. The textile material of claim 10, wherein the textile substrate comprises cellulosic fibers.
20. A method for treating a textile substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a textile substrate;
(b) contacting at least a portion of the textile substrate with a treatment composition to deposit the treatment composition thereon, the treatment composition comprising a precondensate compound and a cross-linking composition, the cross-linking composition comprising an alkylene urea compound selected from the group consisting of ethylene urea, propylene urea, and mixtures thereof, the precondensate compound being produced by reacting a reactant mixture in a condensation reaction, the reactant mixture comprising a phosphonium compound and a nitrogen-containing compound, wherein:
(i) the phosphonium compound conforms to the structure of Formula (I)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, and C2-C3 haloalkenyl; X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, and hydroxide; b is the charge of the anion X; and a is equal to (\u2212b); and
(ii) the nitrogen-containing compound conforms to the structure of Formula (II)
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, and alkoxymethyl;
(c) heating the textile substrate from step (b) to a temperature sufficient for the precondensate compound and the cross-linking composition to react in a condensation reaction and produce a phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer; and
(d) exposing at least a portion of the textile substrate having the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer thereon to an oxidizing agent under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the phosphorous atoms in the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer to a pentavalent state.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein textile substrate comprises cellulosic fibers.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
23. The method of claim 20, wherein X is sulfate, b is negative two, and a is two.
24. The method of claim 20, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each hydrogen.
25. The method of claim 20, wherein the cross-linking composition comprises ethylene urea.
26. The method of claim 20, wherein the cross-linking composition comprises an alkylene urea compound and urea.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the alkylene urea compound and urea are present in the cross-linking composition at an initial molar ratio of alkylene urea compound to urea of about 3:1 to about 1:3.
28. The method of claim 20, wherein the phosphonium compound and the nitrogen-containing compound are reacted at an initial molar ratio of phosphonium cations to nitrogen-containing compound of about 50:1 to about 3:1.
29. The method of claim 20, wherein the precondensate compound and the cross-linking composition are present in the treatment composition at an initial weight ratio of precondensate compound to cross-linking composition of about 1:2 to about 10:1.
30. A flame retardant composition comprising a phosphorous-containing polymer, the phosphorous-containing polymer being produced by:
(a) reacting a reactant mixture in a condensation reaction to produce a precondensate compound, the reactant mixture comprising a phosphonium compound and a nitrogen-containing compound, wherein:
(i) the phosphonium compound conforms to the structure of Formula (I)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, and C2-C3 haloalkenyl; X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, and hydroxide; b is the charge of the anion X; and a is equal to (\u2212b); and
(ii) the nitrogen-containing compound conforms to the structure of Formula (II)
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, and alkoxymethyl;
(b) reacting the precondensate compound from (a) and a cross-linking composition in a condensation reaction to produce a phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer, the cross-linking composition comprising urea; and
(c) reacting the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer from (b) with an oxidizing agent to produce the phosphorous-containing polymer, wherein the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer is reacted with the oxidizing agent under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the phosphorous atoms in the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer to a pentavalent state.
31. A textile material comprising a textile substrate and a phosphorous-containing polymer, the phosphorous-containing polymer being produced by:
(a) reacting a reactant mixture in a condensation reaction to produce a precondensate compound, the reactant mixture comprising a phosphonium compound and a nitrogen-containing compound, wherein:
(i) the phosphonium compound conforms to the structure of Formula (I)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, and C2-C3 haloalkenyl; X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, and hydroxide; b is the charge of the anion X; and a is equal to (\u2212b); and
(ii) the nitrogen-containing compound conforms to the structure of Formula (II)
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, and alkoxymethyl;
(b) reacting the precondensate compound from (a) and a cross-linking composition in a condensation reaction to produce a phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer, the cross-linking composition comprising urea; and
(c) reacting the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer from (b) with an oxidizing agent to produce the phosphorous-containing polymer, wherein the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer is reacted with the oxidizing agent under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the phosphorous atoms in the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer to a pentavalent state.
32. A method for treating a textile substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a textile substrate;
(b) contacting at least a portion of the textile substrate with a treatment composition to deposit the treatment composition thereon, the treatment composition comprising a precondensate compound and a cross-linking composition, the cross-linking composition comprising urea, the precondensate compound being produced by reacting a reactant mixture in a condensation reaction, the reactant mixture comprising a phosphonium compound and a nitrogen-containing compound, wherein:
(i) the phosphonium compound conforms to the structure of Formula (I)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, and C2-C3 haloalkenyl; X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, and hydroxide; b is the charge of the anion X; and a is equal to (\u2212b); and
(ii) the nitrogen-containing compound conforms to the structure of Formula (II)
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, and alkoxymethyl;
(c) heating the textile substrate from step (b) to a temperature sufficient for the precondensate compound and the cross-linking composition to react in a condensation reaction and produce a phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer; and
(d) exposing at least a portion of the textile substrate having the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer thereon to an oxidizing agent under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the phosphorous atoms in the phosphorous-containing intermediate polymer to a pentavalent state.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for TCP multiplexing over a proxy, wherein the proxy consolidates multiple TCP requests from clients into one TCP connection between the proxy and a server, the method comprising the steps of:
opening a persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server;
receiving a connection request from a client at the proxy, wherein the connection request comprises a request for establishment of a new connection between the client and the server;
registering a unique identifier for the client;
signaling the server over the persistent connection to register the unique identifier for the client;
establishing a client connection between the client and the proxy responsive to the connection request;
receiving a content request from the client over the client connection, wherein the content request comprises a request for content on the server;
prepending the unique identifier for the client to the content request, and forwarding the prepended content request to the server over the persistent connection;
receiving prepended content from the server over the persistent connection, wherein the prepended content includes an identifier prepended to content;
extracting the identifier and the content from the prepended content, and identifying a client and a client connection that correspond to the extracted identifier; and
returning the extracted content to the client that corresponds to the extracted identifier over the client connection.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of opening the persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server comprises exchanging an ECHO command between the server and the proxy.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the server and the proxy are separated by a firewall which exposes the proxy to incoming connection requests and which shields the server from such requests, and wherein the step of opening the persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server comprises receipt of an ECHO command from the server and a response thereto from the proxy.
4. A method according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of closing the persistent connection between the server and the proxy.
5. A method according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of composing a command sequence which includes a command to register the client and the unique identifier of the client, wherein the step of signaling the server comprises sending the command sequence over the persistent connection to the server.
6. A method according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of composing a command sequence which includes a command to request content, the unique identifier of the client, and the content request from the client, wherein the step of forwarding the prepended content request comprises sending the command sequence to the server.
7. A method according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of receiving a request from the client to close the client connection.
8. A method according to claim 7, wherein responsive to the request from the client to close the client connection, the method further comprises the steps of:
unregistering the client and its unique identifier; and
signaling the server over the persistent connection to unregister the unique identifier.
9. A proxy which consolidates multiple TCP requests from clients into one TCP connection between the proxy and a server, the proxy comprising:
a computer-readable memory constructed to store computer-executable process steps; and
a processor constructed to execute the computer-executable process steps stored in the memory;
wherein the process steps stored in the memory cause the processor to perform TCP multiplexing, and wherein the process steps stored in the memory include computer-executable steps to:
open a persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server;
receive a connection request from a client at the proxy, wherein the connection request comprises a request for establishment of a new connection between the client and the server;
register a unique identifier for the client;
signal the server over the persistent connection to register the unique identifier for the client;
establish a client connection between the client and the proxy responsive to the connection request;
receive a content request from the client over the client connection, wherein the content request comprises a request for content on the server;
prepend the unique identifier for the client to the content request, and forward the prepended content request to the server over the persistent connection;
receive prepended content from the server over the persistent connection, wherein the prepended content includes an identifier prepended to content;
extract the identifier and the content from the prepended content, and identify a client and a client connection that correspond to the extracted identifier; and
return the extracted content to the client that corresponds to the extracted identifier over the client connection.
10. A proxy according to claim 9, wherein the process step to open the persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server comprises exchanging an ECHO command between the server and the proxy.
11. The proxy according to claim 9, wherein the server and the proxy are separated by a firewall which exposes the proxy to incoming connection requests and which shields the server from such requests, and wherein the step to open the persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server comprises receipt of an ECHO command from the server and a response thereto from the proxy.
12. A proxy according to claim 9, the process steps stored in the memory further including computer-executable steps to close the persistent connection between the server and the proxy.
13. A proxy according to claim 9, the process steps stored in the memory further including computer-executable steps to compose a command sequence which includes a command to register the client and the unique identifier of the client, wherein the step to signal the server comprises sending the command sequence over the persistent connection to the server.
14. A proxy according to claim 9, the process steps stored in the memory further including computer-executable steps to compose a command sequence which includes a command to request content, the unique identifier of the client, and the content request from the client, wherein the step to forward the prepended content request comprises sending the command sequence to the server.
15. A proxy according to claim 9, the process steps stored in the memory further including computer-executable steps to receive a request from the client to close the client connection.
16. A proxy according to claim 15, wherein responsive to the request from the client to close the client connection, the process steps stored in the memory further including computer-executable steps to:
unregister the client and its unique identifier; and
signal the server over the persistent connection to unregister the unique identifier.
17. A computer-readable memory medium on which is stored computer-executable process steps for causing a computer to perform TCP multiplexing over a proxy, wherein the proxy consolidates multiple TCP requests from clients into one TCP connection between the proxy and a server, the process steps comprising:
opening a persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server;
receiving a connection request from a client at the proxy, wherein the connection request comprises a request for establishment of a new connection between the client and the server;
registering a unique identifier for the client;
signaling the server over the persistent connection to register the unique identifier for the client;
establishing a client connection between the client and the proxy responsive to the connection request;
receiving a content request from the client over the client connection, wherein the content request comprises a request for content on the server;
prepending the unique identifier for the client to the content request, and forwarding the prepended content request to the server over the persistent connection;
receiving prepended content from the server over the persistent connection, wherein the prepended content includes an identifier prepended to content;
extracting the identifier and the content from the prepended content, and identifying a client and a client connection that correspond to the extracted identifier; and
returning the extracted content to the client that corresponds to the extracted identifier over the client connection.
18. A method for a server to communicate with a proxy, wherein the proxy consolidates multiple TCP requests from clients into one TCP connection between the proxy and the server, the method comprising the steps of:
opening a persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server;
receiving a signal over the persistent connection to register a unique identifier for a client, based on a connection request from the client at the proxy, wherein the connection request comprises a request for establishment of a new connection between the client and the server;
registering the unique identifier for the client based on the signal;
receiving a content request from the proxy over the persistent connection, wherein a client connection is established between the client and the proxy responsive to the connection request, the content request is received by the proxy from the client over the client connection, the content request comprises a request for content on the server, and the content request is prepended with the unique identifier for the client;
obtaining content based on the prepended content request;
prepending an identifier to the obtained content;
sending the prepended content to the proxy over the persistent connection, for extraction of the identifier and the content from the prepended content, identification of a client and a client connection corresponding to the extracted identifier, and return of the extracted content to the client that corresponds to the extracted identifier over the client connection.
19. A server comprising:
a computer-readable memory constructed to store computer-executable process steps; and
a processor constructed to execute the computer-executable process steps stored in the memory;
wherein the process steps stored in the memory cause the processor to communicate with a proxy which consolidates multiple TCP requests from clients into one TCP connection between the proxy and the server, and wherein the process steps stored in the memory include computer-executable steps to:
open a persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server;
receive a signal over the persistent connection to register a unique identifier for a client, based on a connection request from the client at the proxy, wherein the connection request comprises a request for establishment of a new connection between the client and the server;
register the unique identifier for the client based on the signal;
receive a content request from the proxy over the persistent connection, wherein a client connection is established between the client and the proxy responsive to the connection request, the content request is received by the proxy from the client over the client connection, the content request comprises a request for content on the server, and the content request is prepended with the unique identifier for the client;
obtain content based on the prepended content request;
prepend an identifier to the obtained content;
send the prepended content to the proxy over the persistent connection, for extraction of the identifier and the content from the prepended content, identification of a client and a client connection corresponding to the extracted identifier, and return of the extracted content to the client that corresponds to the extracted identifier over the client connection.
20. A computer-readable memory medium on which is stored computer-executable process steps for causing a computer to perform communication with a proxy, wherein the proxy consolidates multiple TCP requests from clients into one TCP connection between the proxy and a server, the process steps comprising:
opening a persistent TCP connection between the proxy and the server;
receiving a signal over the persistent connection to register a unique identifier for a client, based on a connection request from the client at the proxy, wherein the connection request comprises a request for establishment of a new connection between the client and the server;
registering the unique identifier for the client based on the signal;
receiving a content request from the proxy over the persistent connection, wherein a client connection is established between the client and the proxy responsive to the connection request, the content request is received by the proxy from the client over the client connection, the content request comprises a request for content on the server, and the content request is prepended with the unique identifier for the client;
obtaining content based on the prepended content request;
prepending an identifier to the obtained content;
sending the prepended content to the proxy over the persistent connection, for extraction of the identifier and the content from the prepended content, identification of a client and a client connection corresponding to the extracted identifier, and return of the extracted content to the client that corresponds to the extracted identifier over the client connection.