1. A brake control apparatus for a vehicle provided with a regenerative braking system, the brake control apparatus comprising:
a braking operation detecting section configured to detect a condition of driver’s braking operation;
a first brake fluid passage hydraulically connecting a master cylinder to a wheel cylinder, wherein the master cylinder generates a brake fluid pressure in response to driver’s braking operation, and wherein the brake fluid pressure acts on the wheel cylinder;
a pump configured to suck brake fluid from the master cylinder, and provided with a discharge-side valve on a discharge side of the pump;
a second brake fluid passage hydraulically connecting the discharge side of the pump to a first connecting portion of the first brake fluid passage;
a third brake fluid passage hydraulically connecting a suction side of the pump to a second connecting portion of the first brake fluid passage, wherein the second connecting portion is between the master cylinder and the first connecting portion;
an inflow valve disposed in a section of the first brake fluid passage between the wheel cylinder and the first connecting portion of the first brake fluid passage;
a fourth brake fluid passage hydraulically connecting the suction side of the pump to a third connecting portion of the first brake fluid passage, wherein the third connecting portion is between the inflow valve and the wheel cylinder;
an outflow valve disposed in the fourth brake fluid passage;
a reservoir hydraulically connected to the third brake fluid passage, and hydraulically connected to a connecting portion of the fourth brake fluid passage, wherein the connecting portion of the fourth brake fluid passage is between the outflow valve and the suction side of the pump; and
a pump discharge restricting section configured to restrict discharge of brake fluid through the discharge-side valve from the pump when the pump is being driven.
2. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a brake fluid pressure control section configured to control the brake fluid pressure by operating at least one of the inflow valve, the outflow valve and the pump, based on the detected condition of driver’s braking operation and a condition of brake regeneration of the regenerative braking system.
3. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pump discharge restricting section includes a pump suction shut-off valve disposed in a section of the fourth brake fluid passage between the reservoir and the suction side of the pump.
4. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the brake fluid pressure control section is configured to drive the pump constantly while the braking operation detecting section is detecting presence of driver’s braking operation.
5. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the brake fluid pressure control section is configured to operate the pump suction shut-off valve in a closing direction when the regenerative braking system is carrying out regenerative braking operation.
6. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 4, further comprising:
a master cylinder condition detecting section configured to detect a condition of brake fluid pressure in the master cylinder; and
a wheel cylinder condition detecting section configured to detect a condition of brake fluid pressure in the wheel cylinder;
wherein the brake fluid pressure control section is configured to determine a target value of rotational speed of the pump based on the conditions detected by the braking operation detecting section, the master cylinder condition detecting section and the wheel cylinder condition detecting section.
7. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a gate-out valve disposed in a section of the first brake fluid passage between the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion;
a gate-in valve disposed in the third brake fluid passage;
a first pressure detecting section configured to detect a brake fluid pressure in a section of the first brake fluid passage between the gate-out valve and the master cylinder; and
a brake fluid pressure control section;
wherein:
the braking operation detecting section includes a stroke sensor configured to detect a brake pedal stroke; and
the brake fluid pressure control section is configured to bring the detected brake pedal stroke and the detected brake fluid pressure into a preset relationship by regulating openings of the gate-in valve and the gate-out valve.
8. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a second pressure detecting section configured to detect a second brake fluid pressure in a section of the second brake fluid passage, wherein:
the pump discharge restricting section includes a pump suction shut-off valve disposed in a section of the fourth brake fluid passage between the reservoir and the suction side of the pump; and
the brake fluid pressure control section is configured to operate at least one of the pump suction shut-off valve and the pump based on the detected second brake fluid pressure.
9. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a relief valve arranged in parallel with the gate-out valve, and configured to allow brake fluid to flow from the master cylinder under pressure above a preset threshold pressure, wherein the threshold pressure is substantially equivalent to a component of braking force produced by the regenerative braking system.
10. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a check valve arranged in parallel with the outflow valve, and configured to allow brake fluid to flow from the reservoir.
11. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a check valve arranged in parallel with the gate-in valve, and configured to allow brake fluid to flow from the reservoir.
12. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a circulating passage hydraulically connecting the suction side of the pump to a section of the second brake fluid passage between the discharge-side valve and the discharge side of the pump,
wherein the pump discharge restricting section includes a flow-switching valve disposed in the circulating passage.
13. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the flow-switching valve is a normally closed electromagnetic valve, and is configured to be opened to restrict discharge of brake fluid through the discharge-side valve from the pump.
14. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a fifth brake fluid passage hydraulically connecting the second brake fluid passage to the third brake fluid passage,
wherein the pump discharge restricting section includes a flow-switching valve disposed in the fifth brake fluid passage.
15. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the flow-switching valve is a normally closed electromagnetic valve, and is configured to be opened to restrict discharge of brake fluid through the discharge-side valve from the pump.
16. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a motor configured to drive the pump, wherein:
the vehicle includes a first line section and a second line section, wherein a left front road wheel and a right rear road wheel belong to the first line section, and wherein a right front road wheel and a left rear road wheel belong to the second line section; and
each of the first and second line sections includes an independent set of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth brake fluid passages, the pump, the discharge-side valve, the inflow valve, the outflow valve, the reservoir, and the pump discharge restricting section.
17. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein each of the first and second line sections includes an independent set of a plurality of the pumps arranged in parallel with each other.
18. A brake control apparatus for a vehicle provided with a regenerative braking system, the brake control apparatus comprising:
a hydraulic braking device configured to control hydraulic pressure of a wheel cylinder provided at a road wheel of the vehicle, wherein the hydraulic braking device includes a pump configured to suck brake fluid from the master cylinder;
a braking operation detecting section configured to detect a condition of driver’s braking operation;
a driver request calculating section configured to calculate an estimated driver request value of braking force based on the detected condition of driver’s braking operation;
a first brake fluid passage hydraulically connecting a master cylinder to a wheel cylinder, wherein the master cylinder generates a brake fluid pressure in response to driver’s braking operation, and wherein the brake fluid pressure acts on the wheel cylinder;
a motor configured to drive the pump;
a pump suction shut-off valve disposed on a suction side of the pump; and
a control unit configured to calculate a command to produce a braking force in conformance with the estimated driver request value of braking force by operating the hydraulic braking device in cooperation with a braking force generated by the regenerative braking system;
wherein the control unit is further configured to implement the calculation of the command by calculating a first command to drive the motor constantly and calculating a second command to drive the pump suction shut-off valve while the braking operation detecting section is detecting presence of driver’s braking operation.
19. The brake control apparatus as claimed in claim 18, further comprising:
a master cylinder condition detecting section configured to detect a condition of brake fluid pressure in the master cylinder; and
a wheel cylinder condition detecting section configured to detect a condition of brake fluid pressure in the wheel cylinder;
wherein the control unit is configured to determine the first command for the pump based on the conditions detected by the braking operation detecting section, the master cylinder condition detecting section and the wheel cylinder condition detecting section.
20. A brake control apparatus comprising:
a stroke sensor configured to detect an amount of stroke of a brake pedal resulting from driver’s braking operation;
a master cylinder pressure sensor configured to detect a brake fluid pressure in a master cylinder, wherein the master cylinder generates the brake fluid pressure in response to driver’s braking operation;
a wheel cylinder pressure sensor configured to detect a brake fluid pressure in a wheel cylinder provided at a road wheel;
a first brake fluid passage hydraulically connecting the master cylinder to the wheel cylinder, wherein the brake fluid pressure generated by the master cylinder acts on the wheel cylinder;
a driver request calculating section configured to calculate an estimated driver request value of braking force based on the detected amount of stroke;
a hydraulic braking device configured to produce a braking force in conformance with at least part of the estimated driver request value of braking force, wherein the hydraulic braking device includes a pump configured to suck brake fluid from the master cylinder;
a motor configured to drive the pump;
a pump suction shut-off valve disposed on a suction side of the pump;
a control unit configured to perform a control operation while the braking operation detecting section is detecting presence of the stroke of the brake pedal, wherein the control operation includes:
driving constantly and controlling the pump based on the detected brake fluid pressure in the master cylinder and the detected brake fluid pressure in the wheel cylinder; and
controlling operation of the pump suction shut-off valve at least based on rotational speed of the pump.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for filtering particles from air comprising the steps of;
providing a flow of air laden with a water mist and containing particles that are to be filtered,
passing the air flow through a filtration medium,
said medium having an upstream side and a downstream side relative to the flow of air and comprising a nanoweb layer downstream of and in fluid contact with a hydrophobic nonwoven web.
2. The method of claim 1 in which the pressure drop across the medium under exposure to a water mist in an air stream rises by a factor of no more than 10 after exposure to the water mist for 3 minutes.
3. The method of claim 1 in which a second web is placed in between the nanoweb and the hydrophobic web and is in fluid contact with both.
4. The method of claim 1 in which the hydrophobic web is in actual contact with the nanoweb.
5. The method of claim 4 in which the hydrophobic web is bonded over at least a portion of its surface with the nanoweb.
6. The method of claim 5 in which the hydrophobic web is point bonded to the nanoweb.
7. The method of claim 1 in which the hydrophobic web comprises a spunbond nonwoven web upstream of and in fluid contact with the nanoweb.
8. The method of claim 7 in which the spunbond nonwoven web is in actual contact with the nanoweb.
9. The method of claim 8 in which the spunbond nonwoven web is bonded to the nanoweb.
10. The method of claim 8 in which the spunbond nonwoven web is point bonded to the nanoweb.
11. The method of claim 7 in which the spunbond web comprises monocomponent or bicomponent fibers in which one component comprises a polyolefin.
12. The method of claim 1 in which the nonwoven web comprises a melt blown nonwoven web upstream of and in fluid contact with the nanoweb.
13. The method of claim 12 in which the melt blown nonwoven web is in actual contact with the nanoweb.
14. The method of claim 13 in which the melt blown nonwoven web is bonded to the nanoweb.
15. The method of claim 13 in which the melt blown nonwoven web is point bonded to the nanoweb.