1. A coaxial antenna for radio frequency (RF) in-situ heating of a subterranean formation, the formation having a 1st relative electrical permittivity and an electrical conductivity, the antenna having at least an antenna section comprising:
an outer conductor having a longitudinal axis and having a circular cross-section having an inside diameter perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and further having at least one aperture;
an inner conductor that is coaxial to the outer conductor and having a circular cross-section having an outside diameter; and
an annular space defined by the inside diameter of the outer conductor and the outside diameter of the inner conductor, the annular space containing a dielectric material having a 2nd relative electrical permittivity that is less than the 1st relative electrical permittivity;
wherein a ratio ba of the inside diameter of the outer conductor (b) and the outside diameter of the inner conductor (a) remains uniform along the longitudinal axis for a constant characteristic impedance, and wherein the ba ratio ranges from 1.5 to 10;
wherein the at least one aperture is arranged for the antenna to have a circumferential radiation of at least 180 degrees along the longitudinal axis;
wherein the antenna has an operational RF power signal frequency from 5 kHz to 20 MHz;
wherein the antenna has a radiation power from 0.5 kWm to 50 kWm per longitudinal length of the antenna,
wherein the 1st relative electrical permittivity ranges from 2.5 to 1000 and the electrical conductivity of the formation ranges from 5.0 Sm to 4\xd710\u22124 Sm.
2. The antenna of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is arranged for the antenna to have a full 360 degree circumferential radiation along the longitudinal axis.
3. The antenna of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is arranged for the antenna to have circumferential radiation of at most 180 degrees along the longitudinal axis.
4. The antenna of claim 1, wherein the antenna comprises at least two antenna sections each with an outer conductor and an inner conductor, and wherein the circular cross-sections of the outer conductors are different, for a step-wise change in characteristic impedance.
5. The antenna of claim 1, wherein the antenna comprises at least two antenna sections each with an outer conductor and an inner conductor, and wherein the ba ratio remains the same along the longitudinal axis of the antenna.
6. The antenna of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is configured to have a size and shape selected from rectangular, elliptical, helical, angled, and arbitrary shaped apertures for the antenna to have a predetermined radiation pattern and radiation power within the subterranean formation.
7. The antenna of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is of a radial aperture, a helical aperture, a longitudinal aperture, and combinations thereof.
8. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material has a relative electrical permittivity in a range from 1 to 25.
9. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material is any of a gaseous dielectric material, a liquid dielectric material, a solid dielectric material, and combinations thereof.
10. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the outer conductor comprises at least one helical aperture having a pitch angle \u03b1 in a range from 5\xb0 to 85\xb0.
11. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture has an angular length ranging from 0.5 radians to 36 radians.
12. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the coaxial antenna has a proximal end adjacent to an electrical input to the antenna and a distil end farthest from the electrical input, and wherein the coaxial antenna comprises at least a first helical aperture adjacent the proximal end, the first helical aperture having a 1st length in a range from 0.5 to 5 helical windings per aperture; and at least a second helical aperture adjacent the distil end, the second helical aperture having a 2nd length in a range from 1 to 10 helical windings per aperture, the first length being at least \xbc winding greater than the 2nd length.
13. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the outer conductor comprises at least two apertures, a 1st aperture having a 1st pitch angle \u03b11 and a 2nd aperture having a 2nd pitch angle \u03b12, wherein the 1st pitch angle \u03b11 and the 2nd pitch angle \u03b12 differs by at least 5\xb0 from each other.
14. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the antenna has a length in a range from 30 meters to 3000 meters.
15. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the at least one helical aperture is sealed with a dielectric material that is transparent to electromagnetic radiation radio frequency range of 5 kHz to about 20 MHz.
16. The coaxial antenna of claim 15, wherein the dielectric material for sealing the at least one helical aperture has a relative electrical permittivity in a range from 1 to 10.
17. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the outer conductor and inner conductor each comprises a conductive material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, copper alloys, steel and steel alloys, and combinations thereof, including cladding of steel and steel alloys.
18. The coaxial antenna of claim 1, wherein the outer conductor and inner conduct each comprises a dielectric material and a conductive layer, and wherein the conductive layer comprises a material selected from aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, steel, non-magnetic steel, gold, silver, metal alloys, carbon-fibers, graphene and combinations thereof.
19. A system for using the coaxial antenna of claim 1 for radio frequency (RF) in-situ for heating at least a portion of a subsurface formation having a 1st relative electrical permittivity to a minimum temperature of greater than 60\xb0 C.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the system comprises: the RF antenna of claim 1, positioned in a wellbore extending into a subterranean formation and having an RF transparent casing in a hydrocarbon-containing region of the subterranean formation; a generating unit electrically coupled to the RF antenna for generating electromagnetic energy of at least one RF frequency; a transmission line in electrical communication with the generating unit and in electrical communication with the RF antenna for transmitting electromagnetic energy from the generating unit to the RF antenna; and a RF signal generator for supplying harmonic time-varying sinusoidal waveforms to the RF antenna via a transmission system.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A cosmetic composition, comprising:
10 wt % to about 90 wt % water; and
an amount of a water-resistant film former and an amount of an oil-resistant film former effective to impart water and oil resistance to the composition, wherein the water-resistant film former is a butyl acrylatehydroxypropyl dimethicone acrylate copolymer, and wherein the oil-resistant film former is an acrylates copolymer.
2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a colorant.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a lip gloss.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a lip coloring composition.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is selected from the group consisting of a foundation, an eyeshadow, a liner and a mascara.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-resistant film former is present at about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-resistant film former is present at about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-resistant film former has a Fedor’s solubility value about 20 or less and a surface tension value about 30 less.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oil-resistant film former is present at about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oil-resistant film former is present at about 2 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oil-resistant film former has a Fedor’s solubility value greater than about 20 and a surface tension value greater than about 30.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water is present at about 25 wt % to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
13. The composition of claim 2, wherein the colorant is present at about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
14. The composition of claim 1, further comprising about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a colorant, wherein the composition is a lip coloring composition, and wherein the water-resistant film former is present at about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, and wherein the oil-resistant film former is present at about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, and wherein the water is present at about 25 wt % to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
15. A method of imparting transfer-resistant color andor gloss to lips andor skin, comprising applying to the lips andor skin & composition having 10 wt % to about 90 wt % water; and an amount of a water-resistant film former and an amount of an oil-resistant film former effective to impart resistance to both water and oil when applied to the lips andor skin, wherein the water-resistant film former is a butyl acrylatehydroxypropyl dimethicone acrylate copolymer, and wherein the oil-resistant film former is an acrylates copolymer.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition has a colorant.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the composition is a lip gloss.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the composition is a lip coloring composition.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the composition is selected from the group Consisting of a foundation, an eyeshadow, a liner and a mascara.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the water-resistant film former is present at about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein the water-resistant film former is present at about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
22. The method of claim 15, wherein the water-resistant film former has a Fedor’s solubility value about 20 or less and a surface tension value about 30 less.
23. The method of claim 15, wherein the oil-resistant film former is present at about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
24. The method of claim 15, wherein the oil-resistant film former is present at about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
25. The method of claim 15, wherein the oil-resistant film former has a Fedor’s solubility value greater than about 20 and a surface tension value greater than about 30.
26. The method of claim 15, wherein the water is present at about 25 wt % to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
27. The method of claim 15, wherein the colorant is present at about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
28. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition has about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a colorant, wherein the composition is a lip coloring composition, and wherein the water-resistant film former is present at about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, and wherein the oil-resistant film former is present at about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, and wherein the water is present at about 25 wt % to about 75 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.