1. A focal plane shutter for cameras comprising:
two base plates each having an exposure aperture and defining at least one blade chamber therebetween;
at least one shutter blade comprising a plurality of arms and at least one blade rotatably supported by the arms; each of the plurality of arms is rotatably mounted their one end to one of the base plates, the plurality of arms and at least one shutter blade being arranged in the blade chamber; and
at least one drive unit mounted to one of the base plates to cause the shutter blade move reciprocally,
wherein the drive unit comprises: a motor having a rotor which can rotate reciprocally, a first drive member rotating reciprocally with the rotor, a second drive member having a drive pin which is connected to one of the arms in the blade chamber to cause the shutter blade move reciprocally, the second drive member being rotatably mounted to any one of the base plates; and a link member connecting its one end to the first drive member and the other end to the second drive member for transmitting reciprocal rotation of the first drive member to the second drive member, and
wherein the second drive member is in a state of being capable of coming into direct contact with the first drive member in the vicinity of the stop position thereof, so that a force from the second drive member acts substantially in the direction of an axis of rotation of the first drive member.
2. The focal plane shutter for cameras according to claim 1, wherein the first drive member comprises a cam portion in the vicinity of a joint with respect to the link member, and the second drive member comprises a cam portion in the vicinity of the joint with respect to the link member, so that when the rotor rotates in a first direction, the first drive member rotates the second drive member via the link member at the beginning and, from the midstream, rotates the second drive member via the cam portion of the first drive member which pushes the cam portion of the second drive member.
3. The focal plane shutter for cameras according to claim 2, wherein the first drive member comprises a second cam portion in the vicinity of the joint with respect to the link member, and the second drive member comprises a second cam portion at a position apart from the joint with respect to the link member, so that when the rotor rotates in the second direction, a second cam portion of the second drive member abuts against the second cam portion of the first drive member.
4. The focal plane shutter for cameras according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the rotor and the first drive member are capable of rotating integrally on the same axis of rotation.
5. The focal plane shutter for cameras according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the rotor and the first drive member are adapted to be rotated on different axes.
6. The focal plane shutter for cameras according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the link member is connected to one of the two drive members with a joint structure between a shaft and a round hole and to the other drive member with a joint structure between the shaft and an elongated hole.
7. The focal plane shutter for cameras according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the second drive member comes into contact with the first drive member when the second drive member abuts against a stopper when the operation of the shutter blade is ended.
8. The focal plane shutter for cameras according to claims 6, wherein the second drive member comes into contact with the first drive member when the second drive member abuts against a stopper when the operation of the shutter blade is ended.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for producing a fatty acid alkyl ester from a vegetable oil or animal fat, the method comprising:
(1) transesterifying a triglyceride comprised in the fat or oil with methanol or ethanol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, to obtain a crude fatty acid alkyl ester;
(2) subsequently, washing the crude fatty acid alkyl ester with water to remove a water-soluble impurity, to obtain a washed ester and a wash fraction;
(3) subsequently, drying the washed ester by heating at atmospheric pressure or negative pressure, thereby reducing a water content of the washed ester, to obtain a dried ester;
(4) subsequently, removing a dissolved stearyl glycoside present in the dried ester by adsorption in the presence of at least one adsorbent comprising a clay mineral; and
(5) regenerating the at least one adsorbent, from a loaded absorbent, which is loaded with a loading composition comprising a stearyl glycoside, by treating the loaded absorbent with an ester-alcohol mixture comprising a fatty acid alkyl ester, a fatty acid alcohol, or a combination thereof.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent comprises bentonite.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture comprises methanol.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture comprises a weight content ratio of fatty acid alkyl ester to methanol between 19:1 and 1:1.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein, subsequent to the regenerating, the removing further comprises treating the at least one adsorbent with an inert gas.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the adsorption is carried out in at least two adsorption columns connected in parallel,
wherein at the same time the adsorption is carried out in at least one adsorption column and the regenerating is carried out in at least one further adsorption column.
7. The method of claim 1, the adsorption is effected at an operating temperature between 60 and 150\xb0 C.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the regenerating effected at an operating temperature of 40 to 60\xb0 C.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture, after the regenerating, comprises a stearyl glycoside and is processed by a method comprising:
(i) separating an alcohol fraction from a fatty acid alkyl ester fraction by distillation, wherein stearyl glycosides remain in the fatty acid alkyl ester fraction, to obtain a fatty acid ester mixture; and
(ii) splitting a stearyl glycoside into a stearyl alcohol fraction and a sugar fraction by mixing a strong acid into the fatty acid alkyl ester mixture.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising passing the stearyl alcohol fraction into the wash fraction.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the impurity comprises a soap, glycerol residue, salt, of a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent comprises calcium bentonite.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture comprises ethanol.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture comprises a weight content ratio of fatty acid alkyl ester to methanol between 19:1 and 1:1.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture comprises a weight content ratio of fatty acid alkyl ester to ethanol between 9:1 and 4:1.
16. The method of claim 3, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture comprises a weight content ratio of fatty acid alkyl ester to methanol between 9:1 and 4:1.
17. The method of claim 5, wherein the inert gas comprises N2.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the inert gas comprises CO2.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the inert gas comprises N2 and CO2.
20. The method of claim 9, further comprising passing the sugar fraction into the wash fraction.
21. The method of claim 9, wherein the alcohol fraction in (i) is a methanol fraction.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the ester-alcohol mixture, after the regenerating, comprises a stearyl glycoside and is processed by a method comprising:
(i) separating an alcohol fraction from a fatty acid alkyl ester fraction by distillation, wherein stearyl glycosides remain in the fatty acid alkyl ester fraction, to obtain a fatty acid ester mixture; and
(ii) splitting a stearyl glycoside into a stearyl alcohol fraction and a sugar by contacting the fatty acid alkyl ester mixture with an acidically acting ion exchanger.
23. The method of claim 22, further comprising passing the sugar fraction into the wash fraction.