1. An interface apparatus which connects together a memory controller that is connected to a memory on an integrated circuit and a bus network that has been formed on the integrated circuit,
wherein the memory controller includes: an arbitrator which provides arbitration in the order of processing of a plurality of request data; and a transmitter which transmits respective response data that have been output from the memory in response to those request data to the interface apparatus, and
the interface apparatus comprises:
a de-packetizing processor which performs de-packetize processing on each of the request packets that have been received from the bus network and which extracts and outputs a request header and request data from each said request packet;
a header generator which receives, in a first order, the plurality of request headers that the de-packetizing processor has output, sequentially generates response headers associated with the request headers, and then stores the response headers so that the response headers are read in the first order;
a packetizing processor which generates response packets based on the response data that has been output from the memory in response to the request data and the response headers that are stored in the header generator and which transmits the response packets to the bus network; and
a header order controller which controls the header generator so that if the arbitrator has transmitted the plurality of request data to the memory in a second order which is different from the first order, the respective response headers are read in the second order.
2. The interface apparatus of claim 1, wherein the header order controller gets request order information, indicating that the plurality of request data have been transmitted in the second order, from the arbitrator.
3. The interface apparatus of claim 1, wherein the arbitrator outputs request order information indicating that the plurality of request data have been transmitted in the second order,
the header generator has a storage area in which the order of reading is determined by storage locations, and
the header order controller changes the storage locations of the respective response headers in the header generator in accordance with the request order information.
4. The interface apparatus of claim 1, wherein the arbitrator outputs request order information indicating that the plurality of request data have been transmitted in the second order,
the header generator stores the respective response headers and their order of reading in association with each other, and
the header order controller changes the order of reading in accordance with the request order information.
5. The interface apparatus of claim 2, wherein the header order controller gets the request order information before the packetizing processor gets the response data in response to the request data for which the arbitration has been provided, and controls the header generator so that the response headers are read in the second order.
6. The interface apparatus of claim 1, wherein the interface apparatus is able to transmit the response packets to a router which is connected to the bus network,
before the packetizing processor gets the response data in response to the request data for which the arbitration has been provided, the header order controller controls the header generator so that the response headers are read in the second order,
the packetizing processor stores in advance router information which is either information about the amount of delay of processing to be carried out by the router on the response headers and the response data or information about the procedure of pipeline processing by the router, and
the packetizing processor transmits first the response headers to the router, and then transmits the response data at a time interval which is determined by reference to the router information.
7. An interface apparatus which connects together a memory controller that is connected to a memory on an integrated circuit and a bus network that has been formed on the integrated circuit,
wherein the interface apparatus comprises:
a de-packetizing processor which performs de-packetize processing on each of the request packets that have been received from the bus network and which extracts and outputs a request header and request data from each said request packet;
a header generator which receives, in a first order, the plurality of request headers that the de-packetizing processor has output, sequentially generates response headers associated with the request headers, and then stores the response headers so that the response headers are read in the first order;
an analyzer which monitors the state of a signal that is sent from the memory controller to the memory to see if the plurality of request data have been transmitted in a second order which is different from the first order;
a packetizing processor which generates response packets based on the response data that has been output from the memory in response to the request data and the response headers that are stored in the header generator and which transmits the response packets to the bus network; and
a header order controller which controls the header generator so that if the analyzer has sensed, as a result of an analysis, that the plurality of request data have been transmitted to the memory in the second order that is different from the first order, the respective response headers are read in the second order.
8. The interface apparatus of claim 7, wherein on sensing that the plurality of request data have been transmitted to the memory in the second order, the analyzer gets the request order information.
9. A memory bus system comprising:
a bus network which has been formed on an integrated circuit;
a memory which is arranged on the integrated circuit;
a memory controller which is also arranged on the integrated circuit and connected to the memory; and
the interface apparatus of claim 1, which connects the memory controller and the bus network together.
10. The memory bus system of claim 9, further comprising an initiator which is connected to the bus network,
wherein the initiator transmits request data requesting an access to the memory and receives response data as a result of the access to the memory.
11. A memory bus system comprising:
a bus network which has been formed on an integrated circuit;
a memory which is arranged on the integrated circuit;
a memory controller which is also arranged on the integrated circuit and connected to the memory; and
the interface apparatus of claim 7, which connects the memory controller and the bus network together.
12. The memory bus system of claim 11, further comprising an initiator which is connected to the bus network,
wherein the initiator transmits request data requesting an access to the memory and receives response data as a result of the access to the memory.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process for producing ethanol, comprising:
hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product;
separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product in a first distillation column to yield a first residue comprising acetic acid and a first distillate comprising ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water;
removing water from at least a portion of the first distillate to yield an ethanol mixture stream comprising less than 10 wt. % water; and
separating a portion of the ethanol mixture stream in a second distillation column to yield an ethanol product sidedraw, a second residue comprising water and a second distillate comprising ethyl acetate.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw is enriched in ethanol compared to the second residue.
3. The process of claim 1, further comprising reducing the water content of the ethanol product sidedraw to yield an ethanol product stream having a reduced water content.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein the reducing step uses an adsorption unit.
5. The process of claim 3, wherein the reducing step comprises separating at least a portion of the ethanol product sidedraw with a membrane into a permeate stream comprising water and a retentate stream comprising ethanol and having a lower water concentration than the ethanol product sidedraw.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the retentate stream comprises less than 3 wt. % water.
7. The process of claim 5, wherein the retentate stream is a fuel grade ethanol comprising less than 2 wt. % water.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein at least 40% of the ethanol in the ethanol mixture stream is removed in the ethanol product sidedraw.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw comprises less than 500 wppm acetic acid and less than 100 wppm ethyl acetate.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw is withdrawn below a feed location of the ethanol mixture stream to the second distillation column.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw is an industrial grade ethanol comprising less than 12 wt. % water.
12. A process for producing ethanol, comprising:
hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product;
separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product in a column into a first distillate comprising ethanol and a first residue comprising acetic acid and water, wherein a substantial portion of the water in the crude ethanol product that is fed to the column is removed in the first residue; and
separating a portion of the first distillate in the second distillation column to yield an ethanol product sidedraw, a second residue comprising water and a second distillate comprising ethyl acetate.
13. The process of claim 12, wherein the second residue further comprises acetic acid.
14. The process of claim 12, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw is enriched in ethanol compared to the second residue.
15. The process of claim 12, further comprising reducing the water content of the ethanol product sidedraw to yield an ethanol product stream having a reduced water content.
16. The process of claim 15, wherein reducing the water content uses an adsorption unit.
17. The process of claim 15, wherein the reducing step comprises separating at least a portion of the ethanol product sidedraw with a membrane into a permeate stream comprising water and a retentate stream comprising ethanol and having a lower water concentration than the ethanol product sidedraw.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein the retentate stream comprises less than 3 wt. % water.
19. The process of claim 17, wherein the retentate stream is a fuel grade ethanol comprising less than 2 wt. % water.
20. The process of claim 12, wherein at least 40% of the ethanol in the first distillate is removed in the ethanol product sidedraw.
21. The process of claim 12, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw comprises less than 500 wppm acetic acid and less than 100 wppm ethyl acetate.
22. The process of claim 12, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw is withdrawn below a feed location of the first distillate to the second distillation column.
23. The process of claim 12, wherein the ethanol product sidedraw is an industrial grade ethanol comprising less than 12 wt. % water.