1. A method of determining performance of a packet network, comprising: receiving packets having packet sequence numbers on a communications connection through the network; determining for the communications connection a number of times that packet loss or packet re-ordering was detected as a number illustratively referred to as a Sequence Jump Instance (SJI) of times that a received packet sequence number was greater than an expected packet sequence number; determining for the connection a largest burst of lost or re-ordered packets as a largest difference illustratively referred to as a Maximum Sequence Jump (MSJ) between the greater received packet sequence number and the expected packet sequence number; determining for the connection a cumulative sum illustratively referred to as a Cumulative Sequence Jump (CSJ) of determined SJIs; determining for the connection a number of times that packets were re-ordered as a number illustratively referred to as a Sequence Fall Instance (SFI) of times that the received packet sequence number was lesser than the expected packet sequence number; determining for the connection a maximum difference in delay of alternative paths for the connection through the network as a largest difference illustratively referred to as a Maximum Sequence Fall (MSF) between the lesser received packet sequence number and the expected packet sequence number; and indicating performance of the network as a function of the determinations.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
indicating comprises
using the determinations to modify the performance of the network.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
determining a number of packets re-ordered on the connection as a difference between the SFI at a beginning of an interval of time and the SFI at an end of the interval; and
determining a number of packets lost on the connection as a difference between (a) a difference between the CSJ at the beginning of the interval and the CSJ at the end of the interval and (b) the number of packets re-ordered during the interval.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein:
the interval of time comprises duration of existence of the connection.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein:
the interval of time comprises a predetermined time interval of existence of the connection.
6. An apparatus for performing the method of one of claims 1-5.
7. A computer readable medium encoded with executable instructions to perform the method of one of claims 1-5.
8. An apparatus for determining performance of a packet network, comprising: a receiver for connecting to a communications connection through the network to receive packets having packet sequence numbers; a source of expected packet sequence numbers; a comparator of received packet sequence numbers with expected packet sequence numbers to determine for the connection a number of times that packet loss or packet re-ordering was detected as a number illustratively referred to as a Sequence Jump Instance (SJI) of times that a received packet sequence number was greater than an expected packet sequence number, to determine for the connection a largest burst of lost or re-ordered packets as a largest difference illustratively referred to as a Maximum Sequence Jump (MSJ) between the greater received packet sequence number and the expected packet sequence number, to determine for the connection a cumulative sum illustratively referred to as a Cumulative Sequence Jump (CSJ) of determined SJIs, to determine for the connection a number of times that packets were re-ordered as a number illustratively referred to as a Sequence Fall Instance (SFI) of times that the received packet sequence number was lesser than the expected packet sequence number, and to determine for the connection a maximum difference in delay of alternative paths for the connection through the network as a largest difference illustratively referred to as a Maximum Sequence Fall (MSF) between the lesser received packet sequence number and the expected packet sequence number; and an indicator of performance of the network as a function of the determinations.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein:
the indicator is for use in modifying performance of the network.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising:
a means for determining a number of packets re-ordered on the connection as a difference between the SFI at a beginning of an interval of time and the SFI at an end of the interval, and for determining a number of packets lost on the connection as a difference between (a) a difference between the CSJ at the beginning of the interval and the CSJ at the end of the interval and (b) the number of packets re-ordered during the interval.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein:
the interval of time comprises duration of existence of the connection.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein:
the interval of time comprises a predetermined time interval of existence of the connection.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-19. (canceled)
20. An 1-300 nm sized biologically effective elemental selenium nanoparticle, comprising:
a plurality of elemental selenium atoms; and
at least one selenium binding molecule wherein said binding molecule is selected from the group consisting of peptone from soybean protein digestion, peptone from animal protein digestion, peptone from casein digestion, peptone from gelatin digestion, peptone from lactalbumin digestion, mycological peptone, poly-Lysine hydrochloride, poly-arginine, poly(Arg, Pro, Thr) hydrochloride, poly(Arg, Trp) hydrochloride, poly-asparagine, poly-aspartic salt, poly-glutamate salt, wherein said binding molecule at least partly complexed with said plurality of selenium atoms forming a sphere 1-300 nm sized nano-particle that is stable in solution and wherein said selenium atoms are aggregated either in amorphous or monoclinic form.
21. The selenium nanoparticle of claim 20, wherein the selenium atoms are generated from a selenium source solution selected from a group consisting of selenium salts, H2SeO3, H2SeO4, Na2SeO3, Na2Se, H2Se, Na2SeO4, Na2SSeO3, and H2SSeO3.
22. The selenium nanoparticle of claim 21, wherein the selenium atoms are generated by mixing said selenium source solution with redox agent in a solution containing said selenium binding molecule at a concentration of a mass ratio of at least 0.01%.
23. (canceled)
24. The selenium nanoparticle of claim 21, wherein said selenium atoms are generated by mixing said selenium source solution with a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of L-glutathione, L-cysteine, L-ascobic acid, citric acid, citrate, thioacetamide, 2-thio-6-azauridine, thiobacillus broth, 2-thiobarbituric acid, 2-thiocytosine, 1-thioglycerol, thioglycolate broth, thioglycolic acid, 6-thioguanine, thiolactic acid, thiomalic acid, 2-thiopurine, thiourea, and 4-thiouridine.
25-28. (canceled)
29. The selenium nanoparticle of claim 22 wherein said redox agent is H2O2.
30. (canceled)
31. An 1-300 nm sized biologically effective elemental selenium nanoparticle produced by a process comprising the steps of:
reacting a reaction-medium-soluble selenium source with a reaction-medium-soluble red-ox agent in a reaction medium at a temperature between 0-100\xb0 C. for a sufficient period of time,
wherein said reaction medium contains an elemental selenium binding molecule selected from the group consisting of peptone from soybean protein digestion, peptone from animal protein digestion, peptone from casein digestion, peptone from gelatin digestion, peptone from lactalbumin digestion, mycological peptone, poly-Lysine hydrochloride, poly-arginine, poly(Arg, Pro, Thr) hydrochloride, poly(Arg, Trp) hydrochloride, poly-asparagine, poly-aspartic salt, poly-glutamate salt and
wherein said selenium source is selected from a group consisting of selenium salts, H2SeO3, H2SeO4, Na2SeO3, Na2Se, H2Se, Na2SeO4, Na2SSeO3, and H2SSeO3, and
wherein said redox agent is selected from the group consisting of L-glutathione, L-cysteine, L-ascobic acid, citric acid, citrate, thioacetamide, 2-thio-6-azauridine, thiobacillus broth, 2-thiobarbituric acid, 2-thiocytosine, 1-thioglycerol, thioglycolate broth, thioglycolic acid, 6-thioguanine, thiolactic acid, thiomalic acid, 2-thiopurine, thiourea, 4-thiouridine and H2O2.