1. A data input device for use with a tracking surface, said tracking surface having light-scattering properties, said device comprising:
a substantially coherent light source for projecting a substantially coherent light beam onto said tracking surface during operation, said tracking surface scattering the substantially coherent light beam striking said tracking surface;
an optic for guiding the projected substantially coherent light beam toward the tracking surface, said tracking surface scattering the substantially coherent light beam when the substantially coherent light beam strikes the tracking surface, said optic comprising,
a first boundary facing said substantially coherent light source, and
a second boundary opposite the first boundary and configured to face said tracking surface;
a detector associated with the substantially coherent light source for detecting at least a portion of the substantially coherent light beam scattered by the tracking surface, said detected portion comprising a speckle pattern; said optic being arranged between the detector and the tracking surface during operation such that the tracking surface is spaced from the second boundary by a distance sufficient to inhibit any substantial retro-reflection of the substantially coherent light beam striking the second boundary from striking the detector; and
a controller responsive to the detector for operating the device in a tracking mode by utilizing the detected speckle pattern to track relative movement between the device and the tracking surface.
2. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a spacing medium adjacent said second boundary of said optic adapted to maintain a spaced-apart distance between said second boundary and said tracking surface.
3. The data input device as set forth in claim 2 wherein said spaced-apart distance is at least about 2 millimeters (mm) (0.08 inch).
4. The data input device as set forth in claim 3 wherein said spaced-apart distance is at least about 7 mm (0.3 inch).
5. The data input device as set forth in claim 2 wherein said spacing medium is adapted to contact said tracking surface.
6. The data input device as set forth in claim 5 wherein said device is integral with a keyboard.
7. The data input device as set forth in claim 6 wherein said spacing medium is positioned adjacent a home position of a typing finger of the keyboard for ease of access to the spacing medium by said typing finger.
8. The data input device as set forth in claim 5 wherein said spacing medium is an air space.
9. The data input device as set forth in claim 8 further comprising a support surface engageable with said tracking surface for maintaining the appropriate spacing between the tracking surface and the optic and having an opening therein for allowing the substantially coherent light beam to strike the tracking surface.
10. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said tracking surface is human skin.
11. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said optic is an uncoated optic.
12. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first boundary faces said detector.
13. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said substantially coherent light source projects an infrared substantially coherent light beam.
14. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said controller is capable of tracking relative movement between said tracking surface and said device with a resolution of at least about 1000 dots per inch (dpi).
15. The data input device as set forth in claim 14 wherein said controller is capable of tracking relative movement between said tracking surface and said device with a resolution of at least about 2000 dpi.
16. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said substantially coherent light source is at least one of a single mode Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) and a multimode VCSEL.
17. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said substantially coherent light source projects a substantially coherent light beam having a substantially unitary polarization.
18. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a second optic for collecting at least a portion of the scattered light beam and altering a wavefront profile of the collected scattered light beam so that the collected scattered light beam has a substantially constant phase relative to the plane of the detector, such that the detector detects a substantially stable speckle pattern from the collected scattered light beam.
19. The data input device as set forth in claim 18 further comprising a field stop associated with said scattered light beam for defining a shape of the scattered light beam striking the second optic.
20. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a field stop associated with said substantially coherent light source for defining the shape of the substantially coherent light beam.
21. The data input device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said controller initiates a non-tracking mode in which said controller is configured to respond to the detected speckle pattern and operate the device in one of a tracking mode and a non-tracking mode depending upon a characteristic of the detected speckle pattern as determined by said controller.
22. A data input device for use with a tracking surface, said tracking surface having light-scattering properties, said device comprising:
a substantially coherent light source for projecting a substantially coherent light beam onto said tracking surface during operation, said tracking surface scattering the substantially coherent light beam striking said tracking surface;
a detector associated with the substantially coherent light source, said detector defining a plane for detecting scattered substantially coherent light;
a first optic comprising a first boundary facing said substantially coherent light source, said first optic further comprising a second boundary opposite the first boundary, said second boundary being configured to face said tracking surface, said first optic being arranged between the detector and the tracking surface during operation such that the tracking surface is spaced from the second boundary by a distance sufficient to inhibit any substantial retro-reflection of the substantially coherent light beam striking the second boundary from striking the detector;
an second optic collecting at least a portion of the substantially coherent light beam scattered by the tracking surface, said second optic altering a wavefront profile of the collected scattered light beam so that the collected scattered light beam has a substantially constant phase relative to the plane of the detector, such that the detector detects a substantially stable speckle pattern from the collected scattered light beam.
23. The device as set forth in claim 22 wherein said tracking surface is human skin.
24. The device as set forth in claim 22 further comprising a controller responsive to the detector for utilizing the speckle pattern to track relative movement between the device and the tracking surface.
25. The device as set forth in claim 24 wherein said controller is responsive to the detector for suspending tracking of relative movement between the device and the tracking surface when the detector detects an off-surface condition.
26. The data input device as set forth in claim 22 further comprising a keyboard integral with the substantially coherent light source, the detector, and the optic.
27. The data input device as set forth in claim 22 wherein said optic is an uncoated optic.
28. The data input device as set forth in claim 22 wherein said substantially coherent light source projects an infrared substantially coherent light beam.
29. The data input device as set forth in claim 22 wherein said substantially coherent light source is at least one of a single mode Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) and a multimode VCSEL.
30. The data input device as set forth in claim 22 wherein said substantially coherent light source projects a substantially coherent light beam having a substantially unitary polarization.
31. A method comprising:
projecting a substantially coherent light beam from a data input device onto a tracking surface having light-scattering properties, said tracking surface scattering the substantially coherent light beam when the substantially coherent light beam strikes the tracking surface;
guiding the substantially coherent light beam toward the tracking surface with an optic having a first boundary facing said data input device, said optic further having a second boundary opposite the first boundary, said second boundary being configured to face said tracking surface;
spacing, by arranging the optic between a detector and the tracking surface during operation, the tracking surface from the second boundary by a distance sufficient to inhibit any substantial retro-reflection of the substantially coherent light beam striking the optic from striking the detector;
detecting out-of-phase substantially coherent light reflected from the tracking surface as a speckle pattern; and
utilizing the detected speckle pattern to track relative movement between the device and the tracking surface.
32. The method as set forth in claim 31 further comprising determining if said data input device is spatially separated from said tracking surface by at least a lift-off detection distance as a function of the detected speckle pattern.
33. The method as set forth in claim 32 further comprising suspending tracking of relative movement between said data input device and said tracking surface when said data input device is spatially separated from said tracking surface by at least a lift-off detection distance.
34. A method comprising:
projecting a substantially coherent light beam from a data input device onto a tracking surface having light-scattering properties, said tracking surface scattering the substantially coherent light beam when the substantially coherent light beam strikes the tracking surface, an optic has a first boundary facing said data input device, wherein the optic further has a second boundary opposite the first boundary, wherein the second boundary is configured to face said tracking surface;
arranging the optic between a detector and the tracking surface during operation such that the tracking surface is spaced from the second boundary by a distance sufficient to inhibit any subtantial retro-reflection of the substantially coherent light beam striking the second boundary from striking the detector;
collecting at least a portion of the substantially coherent light beam scattered by the tracking surface;
altering a wavefront profile of the collected scattered light beam so that the collected scattered light beam has a substantially constant phase relative to a plane of a detector;
detecting a substantially stable speckle pattern from the collected scattered light beam; and
utilizing the detected speckle pattern to track relative movement between the device and the tracking surface.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A vaccine useful in preventing and treating diseases caused by a pathogen capable of infecting, or avoiding destruction by, macrophages, said vaccine comprising at least one vector that comprises at least one nucleotide sequence encoding at least one antigen derived from said pathogen, and wherein said antigen is capable of generating an immune response in a recipient thereof.
2. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein said pathogen is P. acnes, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, N. gonorrhoea, M. avium, M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, B. abortus, C. albicans; L. major, or combinations thereof.
3. The vaccine of claim 2, wherein said pathogen is P. acnes.
4. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein said vector comprises naked DNA, a recombinant viral vector, or a combination of both.
5. The vaccine of claim 4, wherein said recombinant viral vector is selected from the group consisting of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, vaccinia and RNA viruses.
6. The vaccine of claim 5, wherein said recombinant viral vector is an adenovirus.
7. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein said vector further comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an adjuvant.
8. The vaccine of claim 7, wherein said adjuvant is a cytokine.
9. The vaccine of claim 8, wherein said cytokine is IL-2, IL-12, or both.
10. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein said antigen is a lipase gene or fragments thereof, a hyaluronidase gene or fragments thereof, a phosphatase gene or fragments thereof, or combinations of the foregoing.
11. A method of treating or preventing a disease caused by a pathogen capable of infecting, or avoiding destruction by, macrophages, said method comprising obtaining a vaccine comprising at least one vector that comprises at least one nucleotide sequence encoding at least one antigen derived from said pathogen; and administering said vaccine to a recipient in need thereof.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said adminstering comprises routes of adminstration comprising oral, intravenous, intramuscular, transcutaneous, subcutaneous, aerosol, ocular, rectal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, or combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein administering comprises transcutaneous administration.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said transcutaneous administration comprises applying said at least one vector to a patch, and adhering said patch to skin of said recipient.
15. The method of claim 1 1, wherein said pathogen is P. acnes, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, N. gonorrhoea, M. avium, M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, B. abortus, C. albicans; L. major, or combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein said pathogen is P. acnes.
17. The method of claim 11, wherein said at least one vector comprises naked DNA, a recombinant viral vector, or a combination of both.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein said recombinant viral vector is an adenovirus.
19. A kit comprising a container and one or more patches, wherein said patches have disposed thereon at least one vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antigen derived from a pathogen, said pathogen being capable of infecting, or avoiding destruction by, macrophages.
20. An article of manufacture comprising a vaccine solution disposed within a tube, vial, bottle, can, or syringe, wherein said vaccine solution comprises a viral vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antigen derived from a pathogen, said pathogen being capable of infecting, or avoiding destruction by, macrophages.
21. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein said vaccine is in the form of an aqueous solution.
22. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein said vaccine further comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a co-stimulatory molecule.
23. The vaccine of claim 22, wherein said co-stimulatory molecule comprises a B7 protein, a CD40 protein or both.
24. A method of cosmetically improving the appearance of a person’s skin who is suffering from acnes vulgaris, said method comprising the steps of obtaining a composition comprising a mixture of at least one vector that comprises at least one nucleotide sequence encoding at least one antigen derived from said P. acnes, and a cosmetic agent; and administering said composition to said person.