1. An organic electroluminescence element which comprises a hole transporting layer which comprises a tris(p-terphenyl-4-yl)amine represented by the general formula (I)
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group which may have substituents or an aryl group which may have substituents as a hole transporting agent, and a hole injecting layer which comprises a hole injecting agent comprising an aromatic tertiary amine having an ionization potential in the range of 5.2-5.6 eV.
2. The organic electroluminescence element according to claim 1 wherein the aromatic tertiary amine which has an ionization potential in the range of 5.2-5.6 eV is at least one selected from the following:
(a) a first aromatic tertiary amine represented by the general formula (II)
wherein R1 to R6 are independently an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group which may have substituents or an aryl group which may have substituents;
(b) a second aromatic tertiary amine represented by the general formula (III)
wherein R1 to R6 are independently an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group which may have substituents or an aryl group which may have substituents; and
(c) a third aromatic tertiary amine represented by the general formula (IV)
wherein R1 to R4 are independently an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group which may have substituents or an aryl group which may have substituents.
3. The organic electroluminescence element according to claim 1 wherein the hole transporting agent is tris(p-terphenyl-4-yl)amine.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An internal combustion engine comprising:
a cylinder head having an exhaust port;
an exhaust manifold for receiving exhaust gas from the exhaust port; and
an exhaust insert extending into the exhaust port and extending into the exhaust manifold, at least a portion of the exhaust insert being in contact with a exhaust-port surface and at least a portion of the exhaust insert being in contact with an exhaust-manifold surface.
2. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, wherein the exhaust insert includes a beaded region.
3. The internal combustion engine of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the beaded region is in contact with the exhaust-manifold surface.
4. The internal combustion engine of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the beaded region is in contact with the exhaust-port surface.
5. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, wherein the exhaust insert includes a cylindrical region.
6. The internal combustion engine of claim 5, wherein at least a portion of an outer surface of the cylindrical region is spaced from the exhaust-port surface.
7. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, wherein the exhaust insert includes a flared region.
8. The internal combustion engine of claim 7, wherein at least a portion of the flared region is in contact with the exhaust-port surface.
9. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, wherein the exhaust insert comprises stainless steel.
10. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, wherein the exhaust insert includes a cylindrical extension disposed within the exhaust manifold.
11. The internal combustion engine of claim 1, wherein the exhaust insert includes a frustoconical region disposed within the exhaust manifold.
12. A method of assembling an internal combustion engine, the method comprising:
inserting a first portion of an exhaust insert into an exhaust port of a cylinder head such that the first portion of the exhaust insert extends into the exhaust port, and such that at least some of the first portion of the exhaust insert is in contact with an exhaust-port surface; and
inserting a second portion of the exhaust insert into an exhaust manifold such that the second portion of the exhaust insert extends into the exhaust manifold, and such that at least some of the second portion of the exhaust insert is in contact with an exhaust-manifold surface,
wherein one of the inserting of the first portion and inserting of the second portion includes attaching the exhaust manifold to the cylinder head such that the exhaust manifold is suitable for receiving exhaust gas from the exhaust port through the exhaust insert.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the exhaust insert includes a beaded region.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the inserting of the second portion of the exhaust insert into the exhaust manifold includes making contact between at least a portion of the beaded region and the exhaust-manifold surface.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the inserting of the first portion of the exhaust insert into the exhaust port of the cylinder head includes making contact between at least a portion of the beaded region and the exhaust-port surface.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the exhaust insert includes a cylindrical region.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the inserting of the first portion of the exhaust insert into the exhaust port of the cylinder head includes providing a gap between at least a portion of an outer surface of the cylindrical region and the exhaust-port surface.
18. The method of claim 12, wherein the exhaust insert includes a flared region.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the inserting of the first portion of the exhaust insert into the exhaust port of the cylinder head includes making contact between at least a portion of the flared region and the exhaust-port surface.
20. The method of claim 12, wherein the exhaust insert comprises stainless steel.
21. The method of claim 12, wherein the exhaust insert includes a cylindrical extension, and wherein the inserting of the second portion of the exhaust insert into the exhaust manifold includes disposing the cylindrical extension within the exhaust manifold.
22. The method of claim 12, wherein the exhaust insert includes a frustoconical region, and wherein the inserting of the second portion of the exhaust insert into the exhaust manifold includes disposing the frustoconical region within the exhaust manifold.