1. A proppant comprising a surface that comprises a ceramic material or oxide thereof, or a metal oxide, wherein said surface has an average grain size of 1 micron or less, wherein said proppant is sintered and is hollow, porous, or a closed foam network, and has a crush strength of 3,000 psi or greater, and
wherein said proppant has an overall diameter of from about 90 microns to about 1,600 microns, and said proppant has a specific gravity of from 0.6 gcc to about 2.5 gcc.
2. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant has a specific gravity of from 0.6 gcc to about 2.5 gcc, and said proppant is spherical and has a sphericity of at least about 0.9.
3. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant comprises a hollow cenosphere.
4. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant comprises an aluminate.
5. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said crush strength is from 5,000 psi to 10,000 psi.
6. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is 0.1 micron to 0.5 micron.
7. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said surface has a maximum grain size of 1 micron.
8. A method of treating a subterranean producing zone penetrated by a well bore comprising the steps of: (a) preparing or providing a treating fluid that comprises a hydrocarbon or water carrier fluid having the proppant of claim 1 suspended therein, and (b) pumping said treating fluid into said subterranean producing zone whereby proppants are deposited therein.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said treating fluid is a fracturing fluid and said proppants are deposited in fractures formed in said subterranean producing zone.
10. A proppant formulation comprising the proppant of claim 1 and a carrier.
11. The proppant formulation of claim 10, wherein said carrier is water or brine.
12. A method to prop open subterranean formation fractions comprising introducing the proppant formulation of claim 10 into said subterranean formation.
13. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant is hollow.
14. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant is porous.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of transmitting different types of service data to a mobile station from a transmitter of a base station, comprising the steps of:
determining a data size available at a predetermined data rate; and
constructing transmission data in the available data size by combining one or more types of service data among the different types of service data according to priority levels of the different types of service data.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of constructing transmission data in a second data size available at the determined data rate if the size of the combined service data is less than the available data size.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of selecting a maximum data rate less than the data rate and constructing transmission data in a data size available at the selected data rate by combining one or more types of service data, if the size of the combined service data does not satisfy any of data sizes available at the predetermined data rate.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting a mobile station to be serviced by Round-Robin scheduling if the base station services at least two different mobile stations.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined data rate is determined from DRC (Data Rate Control) information received from the mobile station in the base station.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the service data with the highest priority level is excluded from the transmission data construction if the amount of the service data with the highest priority level cannot be supported in combination with service data with a lower priority level at the predetermined data rate and the amount of service data at other priority levels can be supported at the data rate.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of constructing transmission data in an available data size less than the available data size by combining one or more types of service data if the size of the combined data is less than the maximum available data size.
8. A base station device for transmitting different types of service data to a mobile station, comprising:
a transmitter for determining a data size available at a predetermined data rate, and constructing transmission data in the available data size by combining one or more types of service data among the different types of service data according to priority levels of the different types of service data.
9. The base station device of claim 8, wherein if the base station services at least two different mobile stations, the base station selects a mobile station to be serviced by Robin-Round scheduling.
10. A method of retransmitting to a mobile station service data containing errors, comprising the steps of:
determining a data size available at a predetermined data rate;
determining whether the size of the service data containing errors is equal to the available data size; and
retransmitting the service data containing errors at the predetermined data rate if the size of the service data containing errors is equal to the available data size.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of retransmitting service data containing errors at the determined data rate by combining two or more service data blocks having errors if the sum of the two or more service data blocks having errors is equal to the available data size.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein if the sum of the two or more service data blocks having errors is not equal to any of data sizes available at the predetermined data rate, service data are retransmitted according to priority levels of the service data.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein service data that is excluded from retransmission according to the priority level of the service data is retransmitted with priority at a next scheduling.
14. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of retransmitting at least two types of service data according to priority levels of the two types of service data if the at least two types of service data have errors and the sum of the at least two types of service data having errors is not equal to the available data size.
15. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of constructing retransmission data in a second available size by combining the service data having errors, if the sum of the service data having errors is not equal to the available data size.
16. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of retransmitting the at least two types of service data having errors in combination at a maximum data rate less than the determined data rate if the at least two types of service data in combination is not equal to any of data sizes available at the data rate.
17. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of separately retransmitting the at least two types of service data having errors at a maximum data rate less than the delivered data rate if the at least two types of service data is not equal to any of data sizes available at the data rate.
18. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of selecting a mobile station to be serviced by Round-Robin scheduling if there are at least two mobile stations to be serviced.
19. The method of claim 10, wherein if retransmission data and initial transmission data is to be transmitted to the mobile station, the retransmission data is transmitted before the initial transmission data.
20. The method of claim 10, wherein the predetermined data rate is determined from DRC (Data Rate Control) information received from the mobile station.
21. A base station device for retransmitting service data having errors to a mobile station comprising:
a transmitter for determining a maximum data size available at a data rate determined from DRC (Data Rate Control) information received from the mobile station, and retransmitting the service data having errors at the data rate if the size of the service data having errors is equal to the maximum available data size.
22. A method of receiving in a mobile station different types of service data transmitted from a base station, comprising the steps of:
determining whether the received service data is initially transmitted or retransmitted service data;
detecting errors from the received service data and generating feedback information indicating an error detection result for the received service data, if the received service data is initially transmitted; and
separately storing the service data according to the QoS of the service data.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the feedback information indicates whether the service data has an error or not.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein if the received service data is retransmitted, the received service data is combined with initially transmitted service data and the combined service data is error-checked.
25. A receiver in a mobile station for receiving different types of service data from a base station, comprising:
a determiner for determining whether the received service data is initially transmitted or retransmitted service data;
an error detector for detecting errors from the received service data;
a feedback information generator for generating feedback information indicating an error detection result for the received service data, if the received service data is initially transmitted; and
a quality demultiplexer and storage for separately storing the service data according to the QoS of the service data.