1. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, comprising a preparing step of preparing a chemical compound having at least one of elements of alkali metals and alkali earth metals along with platinum, and a reducing step of reducing said prepared chemical compound with a reducing agent to form platinum nanoparticles.
2. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said chemical compound is not composed of sodium polyacrylate.
3. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, comprising a preparing step of mixing a chemical compound composed of at least one of elements of alkali metals and alkali earth metals with a solution of a platinum compound to form a mixture, and a reducing step of reducing said mixture with a reducing agent to form platinum nanoparticles.
4. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said chemical compound has at least one of sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba).
5. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said chemical compound includes at least one of an iodide, a chloride and a bromide.
6. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reducing step is carried out by blowing hydrogen gas in said mixture to bubble the same.
7. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said chemical compound has at least one of platinic acid chloride, potassium tetrachloroplatinate, diammine dinitro platinum, hexaammine platinum tetrachloride, tetraammine platinum dichloride, platinum chloride and dihydrogen chloroplatinate hydrate.
8. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 3, wherein said solution of a platinum compound has potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K2PtCl4).
9. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 3, wherein said mixture is not composed of sodium polyacrylate.
10. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said preparing step includes:
a preparing step of preparing a carbon support, a dispersion medium, a platinum compound having platinum, an adsorbent having at least one of elements of alkali metals and alkali earth metals, which is adsorbable on surfaces of said carbon support, and a capping reagent capable of capping specific areas of crystals of platinum;
a first mixture liquid forming step of forming a mixture liquid in which said dispersion medium, said carbon support, said platinum compound and said adsorbent are mixed with each other; and
a second mixture liquid forming step of forming a second mixture liquid in which said first mixture liquid and said capping reagent are mixed with each other; and
in said reducing step, said second mixture liquid is reduced with said reducing agent to form platinum nanoparticles and support said platinum nanoparticles on said carbon support.
11. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 10, wherein in said first mixture liquid forming step, said first mixture liquid is formed: (i) by mixing one part of said adsorbent in said dispersion medium in which said carbon support has been dispersed; (ii) by mixing said platinum compound in said dispersion liquid; (iii) and by mixing a remaining part of said adsorbent in said dispersion liquid.
12. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 10, wherein in said first mixture liquid forming step, said first mixture liquid is formed by mixing said platinum compound in said dispersion liquid in which said carbon support has been dispersed, and thereafter by mixing said adsorbent in said dispersion medium.
13. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said adsorbent has at least one of sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba).
14. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said adsorbent has at least one of an iodide, a chloride and a bromide.
15. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said capping reagent is composed of at least one of sodium polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyethyleneimine, and polyethylene oxide.
16. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said platinum nanoparticle has a polyhedral shape.
17. A method for producing platinum nanoparticles, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said platinum nanoparticle has a particle diameter of 50 nm or less.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A control device for an internal combustion engine that generates power by burning an air-fuel mixture in a cylinder, comprising:
in-cylinder pressure detecting means;
calculating means that calculates a control parameter based on an in-cylinder pressure detected by the in-cylinder pressure detecting means and an in-cylinder volume at the time of detecting the in-cylinder pressure; and
misfire determining means that determines a misfire condition in the cylinder based upon the control parameter calculated by the calculating means, wherein:
the control parameter is a product of the in-cylinder pressure detected by the in-cylinder pressure detecting means and a value obtained by exponentiating the in-cylinder volume at the time of detecting the in-cylinder pressure by a predetermined index number;
the calculating means calculates the control parameters in two predetermined points; and
the misfire determining means determines that an inside of the cylinder is in a misfire condition by comparing a difference component in the control parameters between the two predetermined points with a predetermined threshold value.
2. The control device for the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein:
the misfire determining means determines that the inside of the cylinder is in a half-misfire condition when the difference component in the control parameters between the two predetermined points is below a first threshold value.
3. The control device for the internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein:
when the misfire determining means determines that the inside of the cylinder is in the half-misfire condition, at least one of a throttle opening, a fuel injection quantity, an openedclosed timing of an intake valve or an exhaust valve, and an exhaust gas recirculating rate is corrected in such a way as to restrain a subsequent misfire.
4. The control device for the internal combustion engine according to claim 3, wherein:
the misfire determining means that the inside of the cylinder is in a complete-misfire condition in a case where after the correction is made for a predetermined time, the difference component in the control parameters between the two predetermined points is below the first threshold value and also below a second threshold value, which is smaller than the first threshold value.
5. The control device for the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein:
one of the two predetermined points is set at a point after an intake valve opens and also before combustion starts, and the other is set at a point after the combustion starts and also before an exhaust valve opens.
6. A method for determining a misfire in an internal combustion engine that generates power by burning an air-fuel mixture in a cylinder comprising:
(a) a step of detecting an in-cylinder pressure;
(b) a step of calculating a control parameter based on the in-cylinder pressure detected in the step (a) and an in-cylinder volume at the time of detecting the in-cylinder pressure; and
(c) a step of determining a misfire condition in the cylinder based on the control parameter calculated in the step (b), wherein:
the control parameter to be calculated in the step (b) is a product of the in-cylinder pressure detected in the step (a) and a value obtained by exponentiating the in-cylinder volume at the time of detecting the in-cylinder pressure by a predetermined index number,
in the step (b), the control parameters are calculated in two predetermined points; and
in the step (c), it is determined that an inside of the cylinder is in a misfire condition by comparing a difference component in the control parameters between the two predetermined points with a predetermined threshold value.
7. The method for determining the misfire in the internal combustion engine according to claim 6, wherein:
in the step (c), it is determined that the inside of the cylinder is in a half-misfire condition when the difference component in the control parameters between the two predetermined points is below a first threshold value.
8. The method for determining the misfire for the internal combustion engine according to claim 7, further comprising:
(d) a step of correcting at least one of a throttle opening, a fuel injection quantity, an openedclosed timing of an intake valve or an exhaust valve, and an exhaust gas recirculating rate in such a way as to restrain a subsequent misfire when it is determined in the step (c) that the inside of the cylinder is in the half-misfire condition.
9. The method for determining the misfire for the internal combustion engine according to claim 8, further comprising:
(e) a step of determining that the inside of the cylinder is in a complete-misfire condition in a case where after the correction in the step (d) is made for a predetermined time, the difference component in the control parameters between the two predetermined points is below the first threshold value and also below a second threshold value, which is smaller than the first threshold value.
10. The method for determining the misfire for the internal combustion engine according to claim 6, wherein:
one of the two predetermined points is set at a point after an intake valve opens and also before combustion starts, and the other is set at a point after the combustion starts and also before an exhaust valve opens.