1. An industrial X-ray tube formed by accommodating a cathode and an anode in a container having an evacuated interior, in which electrons emitted from the cathode are caused to strike the anode and X-rays are emitted from the anode;
wherein said cathode is formed from graphite;
the graphite is a layered crystal obtained by layering of a plurality of carbon hexagonal planes;
the graphite is cut based on crystal axes of said carbon hexagonal planes; and
the resulting cut surface is caused to function as an electron-emitting surface.
2. An industrial X-ray tube formed by accommodating a cathode and an anode in a container having an evacuated interior, in which electrons emitted from the cathode are caused to strike the anode and X-rays are emitted from the anode;
wherein said cathode is formed from graphite;
the graphite is a layered crystal obtained by layering of a plurality of carbon hexagonal planes;
a direction in which the graphite layer is grown is a c-crystal axis direction;
directions of an a-crystal axis and a b-crystal axis are arbitrary directions between each of the layers of the carbon hexagonal planes;
said graphite is cut along a plane parallel to the c-axis; and
the resulting cut surface is caused to function as an electron-emitting surface.
3. An industrial X-ray tube formed by accommodating a cathode and an anode in a container having an evacuated interior, in which electrons emitted from the cathode are caused to strike the anode and X-rays are emitted from the anode;
wherein said cathode is formed from graphite;
the graphite is a layered crystal obtained by layering of a plurality of carbon hexagonal planes;
a direction in which the graphite layer is grown is a c-crystal axis direction;
directions of an a-crystal axis and a b-crystal axis are arbitrary directions between each of the layers of the carbon hexagonal planes;
said graphite is cut along a plane orthogonal to the c-axis; and
the resulting cut surface is caused to function as an electron-emitting surface.
4. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 1, wherein the shape of said cathode may be needle-shaped with a diameter of 0.5 to 10. mm, linear with a width of 0.5 to 1.0 mm and a length of 5.0 to 20 mm, or shaped as a filled-in or hollowed-out cylinder with a diameter of 1.0 to 20 mm.
5. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 1, having a heater that heats said cathode to 1000\xb0 C. or above.
6. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 5, in which said heater is configured to pass an electrical current through the cathode to heat the cathode.
7. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 1, having voltage control means that controls a voltage applied between said cathode and said anode; wherein the voltage control part records the voltage-current characteristics between said cathode and said anode, and applies a voltage between said cathode and said anode according to the voltage-current characteristics.
8. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 2, wherein the shape of said cathode may be needle-shaped with a diameter of 0.5 to 10. mm, linear with a width of 0.5 to 1.0 mm and a length of 5.0 to 20 mm, or shaped as a filled-in or hollowed-out cylinder with a diameter of 1.0 to 20 mm.
9. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 2, having a heater that heats said cathode to 1000\xb0 C. or above.
10. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 9, in which said heater is configured to pass an electrical current through the cathode to heat the cathode.
11. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 2, having voltage control means that controls a voltage applied between said cathode and said anode; wherein the voltage control part records the voltage-current characteristics between said cathode and said anode, and applies a voltage between said cathode and said anode according to the voltage-current characteristics.
12. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 3, wherein the shape of said cathode may be needle-shaped with a diameter of 0.5 to 10. mm, linear with a width of 0.5 to 1.0 mm and a length of 5.0 to 20 mm, or shaped as a filled-in or hollowed-out cylinder with a diameter of 1.0 to 20 mm.
13. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 3, having a heater that heats said cathode to 1000\xb0 C. or above.
14. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 13, in which said heater is configured to pass an electrical current through the cathode to heat the cathode.
15. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 3, having voltage control means that controls a voltage applied between said cathode and said anode; wherein the voltage control part records the voltage-current characteristics between said cathode and said anode, and applies a voltage between said cathode and said anode according to the voltage-current characteristics.
16. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 4, having a heater that heats said cathode to 1000\xb0 C. or above.
17. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 16, in which said heater is configured to pass an electrical current through the cathode to heat the cathode.
18. The industrial X-ray tube according to claim 17, having voltage control means that controls a voltage applied between said cathode and said anode; wherein the voltage control part records the voltage-current characteristics between said cathode and said anode, and applies a voltage between said cathode and said anode according to the voltage-current characteristics.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An image forming system comprising:
a manuscript image reading device to scan a manuscript and obtain shade information on the manuscript;
an exposuredevelopment device to record a charged latent image in a photosensitive body based on the shade information obtained by said manuscript image reading device, to apply toners to the photosensitive body to transfer the toners to a recording medium; and
a fixing device to fix the toners transferred to the recording medium by thermal pressing;
said fixing device having
a rotational heating member;
a pressing roller for pressing from a bottom of the rotational heating member; and
a non-contact temperature detector provided above a horizontal surface passing a rotation axis of the rotational heating member, which detects a temperature of said rotational heating member;
wherein heating of the rotational heating member is controlled by a value detected by said non-contact temperature detector.
2. The image forming device according to claim 1, wherein said non-contact temperature detector is disposed within a range of 45 degrees with a plane running through a rotation axis of said rotational heating member being angle 0 and the rotation axis being the angle center.
3. The image forming device according to claim 2, wherein said non-contact temperature detector is disposed at a position apart from said rotating heating member by 5 mm or more.
4. The image forming device according to claim 3, wherein cleaning means to clean a surface of said rotational heating member is provided in an upstream side of the rotation direction of the rotational heating member.
5. The image forming device according to claim 1, wherein said non-contact temperature detector has a structure by which a temperature sensor is shielded by a material having magnetic shielding function.
6. The image forming device according to claim 1, wherein said rotational heating member is a heating roller.
7. The image forming device according to claim 6, wherein said heating roller is heated by induction heating using an induction heating device.
8. The image forming device according to claim 6, wherein said heating roller is heated by a heating ray using a heating ray irradiation means.
9. The image forming device according to claim 8, wherein said heating ray is an infrared ray.
10. The image forming device according to claim 4, wherein said rotational heating member is a heating roller.
11. The image forming device according to claim 10, wherein said heating roller is heated by induction heating using an induction heating device.
12. The image forming device according to claim 10, wherein said heating roller is heated by a heating ray using a heating ray irradiation means.
13. The image forming device according to claim 1, wherein said rotational heating member is a heating belt.
14. A n image forming system comprising:
a manuscript image reading device to scan a manuscript and obtain shade information on the manuscript;
an exposuredevelopment device to record a charged latent image in a photosensitive body based on the shade information obtained by said manuscript image reading device, to apply toners to the photosensitive body to transfer the toners to a recording medium; and
a fixing device to fix the toners transferred to the recording medium by thermal pressing;
said fixing device having
a rotational heating member;
a pressing roller for pressing from a bottom of the rotational heating member; and
a non-contact temperature detector provided above a horizontal surface passing a rotation axis of the rotational heating member, which detects a temperature of said rotational heating member;
a heat convection direction change means to direct heat convection generated by said rotational heating member to directions other than the direction of said non-contact temperature detector
wherein heating of the rotational heating member is controlled by a value detected by said non-contact temperature detector.
15. The image forming system according to claim 14, wherein said heat convection direction change means is a fan.
16. The image forming system according to claim 15, wherein said fan is disposed in a position symmetrical with the non-contact temperature detector, with the heating roller as a center, and the fan exhausts air flow outwardly.
17. The image forming system according to claim 15, wherein said fan inhales outside air.
18. The image forming system according to claim 14, wherein said non-contact temperature detector is disposed within a range of 45 degrees with a plane running through a rotation axis of said rotational heating member being angle 0 and the rotation axis being the angle center, and is disposed at a position apart from said rotating heating member by 5 mm or more.
19. An image forming system comprising:
a manuscript image reading device to scan a manuscript and obtain shade information on the manuscript;
an exposuredevelopment device to record a charged latent image in a photosensitive body based on the shade information obtained by said manuscript image reading device, to apply toners to the photosensitive body to transfer the toners to a recording medium; and
a fixing device to fix the toners transferred to the recording medium by thermal pressing;
said fixing device having
a rotational heating member;
a pressing roller for pressing from a bottom of the rotational heating member; and
a non-contact temperature detector provided above a horizontal surface passing a rotation axis of the rotational heating member, which detects temperature of said rotational heating member; and
a covering member provided above said non-contact temperature detector, to prevent substances falling from said rotating heating member from attaching to said non-contact temperature detector.
20. The image forming system according to claim 19, wherein said covering member is made of an electro-magnetic shielding material.