1. A reflector, comprising:
an attachment mechanism connecting to a mounting point on an object or surface;
a reflecting surface that is reflective to millimeter-wave (mmWave) radiation; and
an adjustable pivot connected between the attachment mechanism and the reflecting surface configured to permit directional positioning of the reflecting surface relative to the attachment mechanism such that a non-line-of-sight connection between an mmWave transmitter and an mmWave receiver is formed.
2. The reflector of claim 1, further comprising:
a signal strength detector configured to measure the intensity of mmWave radiation at the reflector; and
an indicator connected to the signal strength detector configured to activate when signal has been detected.
3. The reflector of claim 2, wherein the signal strength detector and the indicator are disposed within the reflecting surface and wherein the reflecting surface has apertures associated with the signal strength detector and the indicator.
4. The reflector of claim 2, wherein the indicator comprises a light emitting diode.
5. The reflector of claim 2, wherein the indicator comprises a speaker.
6. The reflector of claim 2, wherein the indicator is activated when signal strength exceeds a threshold value.
7. The reflector of claim 2, wherein the indicator is configured to activate in a pattern that corresponds to signal strength.
8. The reflector of claim 1, wherein the reflecting surface has a convex shape.
9. The reflector of claim 1, further comprising a low-frequency broadcast device configured to broadcast signal information.
10. The reflector of claim 1, wherein the adjustable pivot comprises an elbow joint.
11. The reflector of claim 1, wherein the adjustable pivot comprises a ball-and-socket joint.
12. The reflect of claim 1, wherein the adjustable pivot comprises a motor configured to change the directional position of the reflecting surface relative to the attachment mechanism.
13. A communication system, comprising:
a millimeter-wave (mmWave) transmitter unit having beam-steering capability;
an mmWave receiver unit having beam-steering capability; and
a reflecting unit disposed in a position having a line-of-sight path to the transmitter unit and the receiver unit, comprising:
a flexible mount for positioning a reflective surface to form a non-line-of-sight path between the transmitter unit and the receiver unit; and
a signal strength detector configured to detect mmWave radiation.
14. The communication system of claim 13, wherein the mmWave transmitter unit and the mmWave receiver unit are located in or on different buildings.
15. The communication system of claim 13, wherein the mmWave transmitter unit and the mmWave receiver unit are located less than ten meters apart.
16. The communication system of claim 13, wherein the reflecting unit further comprises a low-frequency broadcast device configured to broadcast signal information.
17. A method for establishing a non-line-of-sight connection comprising:
providing a reflector having a flexible mount at a location in a line-of-sight path from both a transmitter unit and a receiver unit;
adjusting the transmitter unit to steer a beam toward a reflector unit;
adjusting the receiver unit to steer a receiving pattern toward a reflector unit; and
if the receiver unit cannot form a connection with the transmitter unit through the reflector, adjusting the flexible mount of the reflector into a direction that forms a non-line-of-sight path between the transmitter unit and the receiver unit.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the adjusting is automatically performed by adjustment mechanisms within the reflector.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the reflector includes a convex reflecting surface.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting the transmitter unit includes iteratively testing transmitter beam positions until a received signal strength at the reflector exceeds a threshold.
21. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting the receiver unit includes iteratively testing receiving pattern positions until a received signal strength at the receiver unit exceeds a threshold.
22. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting the transmitter unit and adjusting the receiver unit is repeated after adjusting the flexible mount of the reflector.
23. The method of claim 17, further comprising communicating a link status between the transmitter unit and the reflector to trigger adjusting the receiver unit.
24. A computer readable storage medium comprising a computer readable program, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to:
adjust a transmitter unit to steer a beam toward a reflector unit that is at a location in a line-of-sight path from both the transmitter unit and the receiver unit;
adjust a receiver unit to steer a receiving pattern toward the reflector unit; and
if the receiver unit cannot form a connection with the transmitter unit through the reflector, adjust a flexible mount of the reflector into a direction that forms a non-line-of-sight path between the transmitter unit and the receiver unit.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. (canceled)
2. A method comprising:
contacting an NOx exhaust with an upstream catalyst material coated onto a substrate and including copper or iron loaded in a first zeolite at an upstream loading of 0 to 3.5 gl to convert the NOx exhaust in a first temperature range of 150\xb0 C. to 500\xb0 C. to a first NOx converted exhaust; and
contacting the first NOx converted exhaust with a downstream catalyst material coated onto the substrate downstream of the upstream catalyst material and including copper or iron loaded in a second zeolite at a downstream loading of 1.5 to 9.5 gl to convert the first NOx converted exhaust in a second temperature range of 450\xb0 C. to 700\xb0 C.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising contacting the NOx exhaust with an oxidation catalyst prior to the first contacting step.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of flow channels.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the upstream and downstream catalyst materials is copper.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the first and second base metals are iron.
7. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the first and second zeolites is an alkaline earth metal exchanged zeolite.
8. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the first and second zeolites is a precious metal exchanged zeolite.
9. A method comprising:
coating an upstream substrate with an upstream catalyst material including copper at an upstream loading; and
coating a downstream substrate with a downstream catalyst material including copper at a downstream loading, the upstream and downstream copper loadings are substantially uniform and the upstream and downstream catalyst materials have an increasing coating thickness in an exhaust flow direction.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the upstream catalyst material has a NOx conversion activity at a first temperature and the downstream catalyst material has a NOx conversion activity at a second temperature less than the first temperature.
11. The method of claim 9, further comprising forming the upstream and downstream substrates as a monolith.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the monolith is a ceramic material.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the monolith is a metallic material.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the monolith includes a plurality of flow channels.
15. A method comprising:
coating an upstream substrate with an upstream catalyst material including copper at an upstream loading; and
coating a downstream substrate with a downstream catalyst material including copper at a downstream loading, the upstream and downstream copper loadings are substantially uniform and the upstream and downstream catalyst materials have an increasing coating thickness in an exhaust flow direction, and one of the upstream and the downstream substrates is a wall flow ceramic substrate.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein both of the upstream and downstream substrates are wall flow ceramic substrates.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising forming the upstream and downstream substrates as a monolith.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the monolith includes a plurality of flow channels.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the upstream catalyst material has a NOx conversion activity at a first temperature and the downstream catalyst material has a NOx conversion activity at a second temperature less than the first temperature.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the wall flow ceramic substrate includes cordierite.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein the wall flow ceramic substrate includes mullite.