1. A method of communication of a slave station with more than one gateway stations in a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Multi Frequency-Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) satellite network, wherein one gateway station is a primary gateway station, the method comprising:
receiving information, by the slave station, from an assigned Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) channel transmitting network control information;
joining an assigned TDMA or MF-TDMA network by employing a received information from the assigned TDM channel and logging on to an assigned primary gateway;
getting permission and required information from the primary gateway station to communicate with at least one other gateway station, when the primary gateway station is so configured to recognize communication capabilities of the slave station, or when the slave station is so preconfigured to attempt such communication with the at least one other gateway station without the permission of the primary gateway station; and
communicating with the at least one other gateway station by receiving from, transmitting to, or receiving from and transmitting to the at least one other gateway station,
wherein the slave station having capability to transmit to multiple gateway stations is configured to have TDMA burst transmitters of the slave station aligned with TDMA burst receivers at the other gateway station by employing a Global Positioning System (GPS) timing reference and a Network Time Protocol client such that the other gateway station is able to link its local timing reference equipment closely to the network clock reference timing of the primary gateway station.
2. A method of communication of a slave station with more than one gateway stations in a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Multi Frequency-Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) satellite network, wherein one gateway station is a primary gateway station, the method comprising:
receiving information, by the slave station, from an assigned Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) channel transmitting network control information;
joining an assigned TDMA or MF-TDMA network by employing a received information from the assigned TDM channel and logging on to an assigned primary gateway;
getting permission and required information from the primary gateway station to communicate with at least one other gateway station, when the primary gateway station is so configured to recognize communication capabilities of the slave station, or when the slave station is so preconfigured to attempt such communication with the at least one other gateway station without the permission of the primary gateway station; and
communicating with the at least one other gateway station by receiving from, transmitting to, or receiving from and transmitting to the at least one other gateway station,
wherein accurate and frequently updated position information, including longitude, latitude and altitude, about the location of the slave station, the location of a satellite, the location of the primary gateway station, and the location of the at least one other gateway station are used to determine constantly changing distances between the satellite, the slave station and the primary gateway stations and derive accurate estimates of time-of-flight differences for electromagnetic carrier frequencies used by the assigned TDMA channel in the TDMA or MF-TDMA satellite network and compensate for the time-of-flight differences.
3. A slave station in a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Multi Frequency-Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) satellite network with more than one gateway stations wherein one gateway station in the network is a primary gateway station, the slave station comprising:
means for receiving information from an assigned Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) channel transmitting network control information;
means for joining an assigned TDMA or MF-TDMA network by employing the received information from the assigned TDM channel and logging on to an assigned primary gateway;
means for getting permission and required information from the primary gateway station to communicate with at least one other gateway station, when the primary gateway station is so configured to recognize communication capabilities of the slave station, or when the slave station is so preconfigured to attempt such communication with the at least one other gateway station without permission of the primary gateway station; and
means for communicating with the at least one other gateway station by receiving from, transmitting to, or receiving from and transmitting to the at least one other gateway station.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for making a food additive comprising combining an edible solubilizing agent, an effective amount of a suitable antioxidant, an effective amount of a suitable dispersant and a sterol or stanol ester made by reacting a sterol or a stanol and a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid, magnesium hydroxide and combinations thereof.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the sterol is -sitosterol.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the sterol is -sitostanol.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
6. A process which comprises reacting -sitostanol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of calcium oxide.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein the carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the carboxylic acid is a mixture of long chain carboxylic acids derived from sunflower oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, rape seed oil, tallow, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, palm oil, olive oil, sesame oil, safflower oil.
9. A process which comprises reacting -sitosterol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of calcium oxide.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein the antioxidant is vitamin C, vitamin E, -carotene, an extract of the bark of the maritime pine, Pinus maritima, or combinations thereof.
11. A food additive composition comprising an edible solubilizing agent, an effective amount of a suitable antioxidant and an effective amount of a suitable dispersant and a sterol or stanol ester made by reacting a sterol or a stanol and a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid, magnesium hydroxide and combinations thereof.
12. The composition of claim 11 wherein the sterol is -sitosterol.
13. The composition of claim 11 wherein the stanol is -sitostanol.
14. The composition of claim 11 wherein the catalyst is calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid.
15. The composition of claim 11 wherein the carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
16. The composition of claim 11 wherein the antioxidant is vitamin C, vitamin E, -carotene, an extract of the bark of the maritime pine, Pinus maritima, or combinations thereof.
17. The composition of claim 11 wherein the carboxylic acid is a mixture of long chain carboxylic acids derived from sunflower oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, rape seed oil, tallow, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, palm oil, olive oil, sesame oil, safflower oil.
18. The composition of claim 17 wherein the mixture of long chain carboxylic acids derived from sunflower oil.
19. A process which comprises reacting -sitosterol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of calcium oxide.
20. The composition of claim 11 wherein the antioxidant is vitamin C, vitamin E, -carotene, an extract of the bark of the maritime pine, Pinus maritima, or combinations thereof.
21. A food additive made by the process comprising combining an edible solubilizing agent, an effective amount of a suitable antioxidant, an effective amount of a suitable dispersant and a sterol or stanol ester made by reacting a sterol or a stanol and a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid, magnesium hydroxide and combinations thereof.
22. The food additive of claim 21 wherein the sterol is -sitosterol.
23. The food additive of claim 21 wherein the sterol is -sitostanol.
24. The food additive of claim 21 wherein the catalyst is calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid.
25. The food additive of claim 21 wherein the carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
26. The food additive of claim 21 wherein the carboxylic acid is a mixture of long chain carboxylic acids derived from sunflower oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, rape seed oil, tallow, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, palm oil, olive oil, sesame oil, safflower oil.
27. The food additive of claim 21 wherein the antioxidant is vitamin C, vitamin E, -carotene, an extract of the bark of the maritime pine, Pinus maritima, or combinations thereof.
28. A composition comprising an edible solubilizing agent, an effective amount of a suitable antioxidant, an effective amount of a suitable dispersant and a compound of the formula I
5
wherein R1 is an aliphatic or aromatic moiety having from one to about 36 carbon atoms and each of R2 and R3 is independently hydrogen with the proviso that only one of R2 or R3 is hydrogen, or a radical of the formula II or formula III
6
wherein R4 is an alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl group having from one to about 10 carbon atoms.
29. The composition of claim 28 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is an alkyl radical having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
30. The composition of claim 28 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 7 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
31. The composition of claim 30 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
7
32. The composition of claim 28 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 8 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
33. The composition of claim 32 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
8
34. The composition of claim 28 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 10 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
35. The composition of claim 34 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
9
36. The composition of claim 28 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 11 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
37. The composition of claim 36 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
10
38. A composition made by the process which comprises combining an edible solubilizing agent, an effective amount of a suitable antioxidant, an effective amount of a suitable dispersant and a compound of the formula I
11
wherein R1 is an aliphatic or aromatic moiety having from one to about 36 carbon atoms and each of R2 and R3 is independently hydrogen with the proviso that only one of R2 or R3 is hydrogen, or a radical of the formula II or formula III
12
wherein R4 is an alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl group having from one to about 10 carbon atoms.
39. The composition of claim 38 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is an alkyl radical having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
40. The composition of claim 38 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 7 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
41. The composition of claim 40 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
13
42. The composition of claim 38 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 8 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
43. The composition of claim 42 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
14
44. The composition of claim 38 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 10 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
45. The composition of claim 44 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
15
46. The composition of claim 38 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 11 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
47. The composition of claim 46 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
16
48. A method of reducing the absorption of cholesterol into the bloodstream comprising orally introducing into the body an effective amount of a substance containing a -sitostanol ester wherein the ester is made by reacting -sitostanol and a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid, magnesium hydroxide and combinations thereof.
49. The method of claim 48 wherein the substance containing a -sitostanol ester is comprised of an additive comprised of from about 70% to about 80% sunflower oil, rape seed oil or a combination thereof; from about 1% to about 2% vitamin E, an extract of the bark of the maritime pine, Pinus maritima or a combination thereof; and from about 10% to about 25% of a -sitostanol fatty acid ester prepared by the method according to the invention.
50. The method of claim 48 wherein an effective amount of the substance is from about 0.2 to about 2.0 grams per day.
51. The process of claim 48 wherein the catalyst is calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid.
52. The process of claim 48 wherein the carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
53. A process which comprises reacting a sterol, a stanol, or a combination thereof with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid, magnesium hydroxide and combinations thereof.
54. The process of claim 53 wherein said sterol is -sitosterol.
55. The process of claim 53 wherein said stanol is -sitostanol.
56. The process of claim 53 wherein said catalyst is calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid.
57. The process of claim 53 wherein said carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
58. A process which comprises reacting -sitostanol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of calcium oxide.
59. The process of claim 58 wherein said carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
60. The process of claim 59 wherein said carboxylic acid is a mixture of long chain carboxylic acids derived from sunflower oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, rape seed oil, tallow, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, palm oil, olive oil, sesame oil, safflower oil.
61. A process which comprises the steps of: (1) forming a reaction mixture comprised of a sterol, a stanol, or a combination thereof with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and a combination in a reaction zone; (2) passing at least a portion of said reaction mixture through an evaporation zone to remove the water of reaction from said reaction mixture.
62. The process of claim 61 further comprising the step of returning the mixture from step (2) to said reaction zone.
63. The process of claim 61 wherein said catalyst is calcium oxide.
64. A process which comprises reacting a sterol, a stanol or a combination thereof with an carboxylic acid ester in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid, magnesium hydroxide and combinations thereof.
65. The process of claim 64 wherein said sterol is -sitosterol.
66. The process of claim 64 wherein said stanol is -sitostanol.
67. The process of claim 64 wherein said catalyst is calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid.
68. The process of claim 64 wherein said carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 2 to 22 carbon atoms.
69. The process of claim 64 wherein said ester is a methyl ester of a C6-22 fatty acid or a triglyceride.
70. A process which comprises reacting -sitostanol with a carboxylic acid ester in the presence of an effective amount of calcium oxide.
71. A process which comprises the steps of: (1) forming a reaction mixture comprised of a sterol, a stanol, or a combination thereof with a carboxylic acid ester in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and a combination in a reaction zone; (2) passing at least a portion of said reaction mixture through an evaporation zone to remove the water of reaction from said reaction mixture.
72. The process of claim 71 further comprising the step of returning the mixture from step (2) to said reaction zone.
73. A compound of the formula I
17
wherein R1 is an aliphatic or aromatic moiety having from one to about 36 carbon atoms and each of R2 and R3 is independently hydrogen with the proviso that only one of R2 or R3 is hydrogen, or a radical of the formula II or formula III
18
wherein R4 is an alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl group having from one to about 10 carbon atoms.
74. The compound of claim 73 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is an alkyl radical having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
75. The compound of claim 73 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 7 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
76. The compound of claim 73 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
19
77. The compound of claim 73 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 8 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
78. The compound of claim 77 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
20
79. The compound of claim 77 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 10 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
80. The compound of claim 77 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
21
81. The compound of claim 73 wherein R1 is an alkylene radical having 11 carbon atoms and wherein each of R2 and R3 is a radical of the formula II wherein R4 is a branched alkyl group having 10 carbon atoms.
82. The compound of claim 81 wherein said branched alkyl group has the formula IV
22
83. A compound which is the product of the process which comprises reacting a sterol, a stanol, or a combination thereof with a dicarboxylic acid in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, a calcium salt of a carboxylic acid, magnesium hydroxide and combinations thereof.
84. The compound of claim 83 wherein said stanol is a compound of the formula VI
23
wherein R4 is an alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl group having from one to about 10 carbon atoms.
85. The compound of claim 84 wherein said dicarboxylic acid is azelaic acid and wherein said branched alkyl group of the formula IV
24
86. The compound of claim 84 wherein said dicarboxylic acid is dodecanedioc acid and wherein said branched alkyl group of the formula IV
25
87. The compound of claim 84 wherein said dicarboxylic acid is brassylic acid and wherein said branched alkyl group of the formula IV
26
88. The compound of claim 83 wherein said sterol is a compound of the formula VII
27
wherein R4 is an alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl group having from one to about 10 carbon atoms.
89. The compound of claim 88 wherein said dicarboxylic acid is azelaic acid and wherein said branched alkyl group of the formula IV
28
90. The compound of claim 88 wherein said dicarboxylic acid is dodecanedioc acid and wherein said branched alkyl group of the formula IV
29
91. The compound of claim 88 wherein said dicarboxylic acid is brassylic acid and wherein said branched alkyl group of the formula IV
30
92. The compound of claim 83 wherein said catalyst is calcium oxide.