1. Actuator with a movable controlling element (7), a wire-shaped SMA element (2) for the unidirectional movement of the controlling element on whose at least one wire end (3) a connector (4) made of an electrically conducting material and having a contact surface (13) has been fixed, and provided with a structural part (5) made at least partially from non-conductive plastic material that has a conductive strip (6), characterized in that the connector (4) is fixed to an area of the structural part made from the non-conductive material, whereby as a result of this, the contact surface (13) is maintained in electrically conducting contact with the conductive strip (6).
2. Actuator according to claim 1, characterized in that the plastic material of the structural part (5) is a thermoplastic material.
3. Actuator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the connector (4) is interspersed by an opening (14) filled at least partially with plastic material (15) of the structural part (5).
4. Actuator according to claim 3, characterized in that the opening (14) ends in the contact surface (13), and that the conductive strip is held firmly by an opening (43) connected to the recess through which plastic material (15) of the structural part (5) extends into the opening (14) of the connector (4).
5. Actuator according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the opening (14) is a long hole (27) that extends in longitudinal direction of the wire end (3).
6. Actuator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is a guiding connecting link (33) on the structural part (5) that at least partially contains the connector and extends in longitudinal direction (28) of the wire end (3).
7. Actuator according to claim 6, characterized in that the guiding connecting link (33) is formed by a groove (35) with two opposite groove walls (34) that flank the connector (4).
8. Actuator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connector (4) supports itself spring-like with its contact surface (13) on the conductive strip (6).
9. Actuator according to claim 8, characterized in that the connector (4) comprises a leaf spring (23) bent in an arched way whose side (24) facing the conductive strip (6) rests at least partially on the contact surface (13).
10. Actuator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connector (4) comprises a crimp element (18) with which it is fixed to the wire end (3).
11. Actuator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connector (4) is executed as one single piece with the wire end (3).
12. Actuator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the structural part (5) is an MID structural part.
13. Method for manufacturing an actuator (1) according to one of the preceding claims, that includes the following steps:
a) An SMA element (2) is provided and a connector (4) has been arranged on at least one of its wire ends (3),
b) The SMA element is positioned on the actuator in such a way that the contact surface (13) of the connector (4) makes contact with the conductive strip (6) of the structural part (5),
c) The SMA element (2) is pre-stressed by impinging the wire ends (3) with a tensile force (Z),
d) As soon as the target pre-stress of the SMA element (2) is reached, the connector (4) is fixed on the plastic material of the structural part (5).
14. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that a structural part (5) is used that is made at least partially of a thermoplastic material, in which case a portion of the plastic material is softened by the action of heat and thus deformed in such a way that a form- andor force-fitting connection is created between it and the connector (4).
15. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that a structural part (5) is used that has a protuberance (37) made of thermoplastic material that is softened and deformed for fixing the connector (4).
16. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the connector (4) is positioned in such a way on the conductive strip (6) that the protuberance (37) intersperses the opening (14) of the connector (4).
17. Method according to one of the claims 13 to 16, characterized in that a connector (4) is used on which a grip element (16) is arranged, in which case the connector (4) is gripped on the grip element (16) for pre-stressing the SMA element (2).
18. Method according to claim 17, characterized in that a connector (4) is used in which the grip element (16) is arranged on the side that faces away from the SMA element (2).
19. Method according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the grip element (16) is detached after the connector (4) has been fixed to the structural part (5).
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1: A water borne fuel combusting gas generator, comprising in combination:
an enclosure;
said enclosure having an oxygen inlet coupled to a source of oxygen, said oxygen inlet adapted to draw oxygen into said enclosure for reaction with a fuel;
said enclosure having a gaseous fuel inlet coupled to a source of gaseous fuel, said gaseous fuel inlet adapted to draw gaseous fuel into said enclosure for combustion with the oxygen from said oxygen inlet;
said enclosure having a water borne fuel inlet coupled to a source of water borne fuel, said water borne fuel inlet adapted to draw the water borne fuel into said enclosure with the water borne fuel being combusted with the oxygen from said oxygen inlet;
said enclosure having a chamber downstream from said oxygen inlet, said gaseous fuel inlet and said water borne fuel inlet, said chamber adapted to allow combustion of the oxygen, the fuel and the water borne fuel to produce products of combustion including steam and carbon dioxide; and
said enclosure having an outlet adapted to discharge steam and CO2 therefrom.
2: The gas generator of claim 1 wherein said oxygen inlet is configured to receive sufficient oxygen to oxidize substantially all of the gaseous fuel and the water borne fuel within said chamber.
3: The gas generator of claim 1 wherein said water borne fuel inlet includes a plurality of entry ports spaced from each other on a wall of said chamber such that the water borne fuel passing through the water borne fuel inlet cools said wall of said chamber before combustion of the water borne fuel.
4: The gas generator of claim 3 wherein said oxygen inlet and said gaseous fuel inlet each include a plurality of entry ports spaced from each other and from inlet ports for said water borne fuel with said oxygen inlet ports dispersed amongst said gaseous fuel inlet ports and said water borne fuel inlet ports to promote mixing and complete combustion of the gaseous fuel and the water borne fuel within said chamber.
5: The gas generator of claim 4 wherein said oxygen inlet ports, said gaseous fuel inlet ports and said water borne fuel inlet ports are sized and provided in appropriate numbers to match ratios of oxygen, gaseous fuel and water borne fuel necessary for complete combustion into steam and carbon dioxide within said chamber.
6: The gas generator of claim 5 wherein said oxygen inlet ports are sized to provide sufficient oxygen to complete combustion of the gaseous fuel on the water borne fuel, such that excess oxygen is provided within said chamber to drive a combustion reaction occurring within said chamber to complete combustion of the gaseous fuel and the water borne fuel therein.
7: The gas generator of claim 1 wherein said gaseous fuel inlet includes a valve for controlling flow of said gaseous fuel into said chamber, such that a flow rate of gaseous fuel through said gaseous fuel inlet and into said chamber can be adjusted during operation of the gas generator.
8: The gas generator of claim 1 wherein said water borne fuel source supplies a water borne fuel formed of a majority water.
9: The gas generator of claim 1 wherein said enclosure has a diluent inlet coupled to a source of diluent, said diluent inlet downstream from said chamber.
10: The gas generator of claim 9 wherein said source of diluent includes water.
11: The gas generator of claim 9 wherein said source of diluent includes carbon dioxide.
12: A method for combustion of a water borne fuel without release of air pollution or greenhouse gases, comprising in combination:
providing a gas generator having an enclosure, the enclosure having an oxygen inlet coupled to a source of oxygen, the oxygen inlet adapted to draw oxygen into the enclosure for reaction with a fuel; the enclosure having a water borne fuel inlet coupled to a source of water borne fuel, the water borne fuel inlet adapted to draw the water borne fuel into the enclosure with the water borne fuel being combusted with the oxygen from the oxygen inlet; the enclosure having a chamber downstream from the oxygen inlet and the water borne fuel inlet, the chamber adapted to allow combustion of the oxygen and the water borne fuel to produce products of combustion including primarily steam and carbon dioxide; and the enclosure having an outlet adapted to discharge steam and carbon dioxide therefrom;
combusting the oxygen with the water borne fuel within the gas generator to produce products of combustion including primarily steam and carbon dioxide;
extracting power from the products of combustion;
separating the products of combustion into a primarily carbon dioxide path and a primarily water path; and
pumping the carbon dioxide to an elevated pressure for delivery of the carbon dioxide into a sequestration site separate from the atmosphere.
13: The method of claim 12 wherein said power extracting step includes the step of expanding the products of combustion through an expander.
14: The method of claim 12 wherein said power extracting step includes the step of routing the products of combustion through a heat exchanger where the products of combustion give up heat to a working fluid in a separate power extraction system.
15: The method of claim 12 including the further step of recirculating water from the primarily water path downstream of the separator back to the gas generator.
16: The method of claim 15 including the further step of mixing the water from the primarily water path downstream of the separator of said separating step with a fuel to form a water borne fuel; and
routing the water borne fuel of said mixing step to the water borne fuel inlet of the gas generator.
17: The method of claim 12 wherein said separating step includes the step of condensing the products of combustion including steam and carbon dioxide so that the water condenses into a liquid state and the carbon dioxide remains gaseous.
18: The method of claim 17 wherein at least a portion of the carbon dioxide from said separating step is routed back to the gas generator as a diluent.
19: The method of claim 12 wherein said providing a gas generator step includes the step of configuring the source of water borne fuel coupled to the water borne fuel inlet to be a majority water.
20: A near zero emissions water borne fuel combustion power production system, comprising in combination:
a gas generator having an enclosure, said enclosure having an oxygen inlet coupled to a source of oxygen, said oxygen inlet adapted to draw oxygen into said enclosure for reaction with a fuel; said enclosure having a water borne fuel inlet coupled to a source of water borne fuel, said water borne fuel inlet adapted to draw the water borne fuel into said enclosure with the water borne fuel being combusted with the oxygen from said oxygen inlet; said enclosure having a chamber downstream from said oxygen inlet and said water borne fuel inlet, said chamber adapted to allow combustion of the oxygen and the water borne fuel to produce products of combustion including primarily steam and carbon dioxide; and said enclosure having an outlet adapted to discharge steam and CO2 therefrom;
an expander downstream from said outlet of said gas generator, said expander adapted to expand the products of combustion to a lower pressure and output power;
a separator downstream from said expander, said separator adapted to separate at least a portion of water within the products of combustion from at least a portion of carbon dioxide within the products of combustion; and
a compressor adapted to compress carbon dioxide from said separator to an elevated pressure for delivery of the carbon dioxide into a sequestration site separate from the atmosphere.
21: The system of claim 20 wherein said separator includes a condenser with a condensate outlet for primarily water and a gaseous outlet for primarily carbon dioxide.
22: The system of claim 21 wherein said condensate outlet is coupled to said gas generator for recirculation of at least a portion of the water condensed within said condenser.
23: The system of claim 22 wherein a mixer is interposed between said condenser and said water borne fuel inlet, said mixer adapted to mix water discharged as condensate from said condenser with a fuel to produce the water borne fuel for delivery to the water borne fuel inlet of said gas generator.
24: The system of claim 20 wherein said source of water borne fuel includes a source of fuel which is a greater proportion water than fuel.