1. A method of operating a QKD system having a modulator, comprising:
activating the modulator to provide first random modulations during gating intervals, wherein each gating interval corresponds to an expected arrival of a qubit; and
activating the modulator outside of said gating intervals to provide second random modulations that do not modulate any qubits.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first random modulations are caused by first signals from a first random number generator, and the second random modulations are caused by second signals from a second random number generator.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second random modulations are based on signals from a single random number generator.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second modulations are carried out such that the modulator is continuously or nearly continuously modulated during an exchange of qubits.
5. A method of increasing the security of a QKD station having a modulator, comprising:
randomly activating the modulator during gating intervals associated with respective expected arrival times of qubits; and
randomly activating the modulator outside of the gating intervals.
6. The method of claim 5, including recording the modulations made during the gating intervals in order to establish a secure key between two QKD stations of a QKD system.
7. A method of operating a modulator of a QKD station in a QKD system, comprising:
during an exchange of qubits in the QKD system, constantly randomly activating the modulator based on select modulation values, regardless of whether a qubit is expected to pass through the modulator; and
recording modulation values for the modulations that actually modulate qubits.
8. The method of claim 7, including using synchronization signals that correspond with expected arrival times of qubits at the modulator to identify the modulations that actually modulate qubits.
9. A method according to claim 5, wherein randomly modulating the modulator during and outside of the gating intervals is performed such that the modulation is continuous or essentially continuous during an exchange of qubits with another QKD station.
10. A method according to claim 7, wherein the select modulation values consist of either two modulation values or four modulation values.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A device for subcutaneous monitoring of glucose levels, comprising:
a housing;
a sensor; and
a porous biointerface layer for promoting long term microcirculatory delivery of glucose and oxygen to the sensor for a time period of at least about one month, wherein the porous biointerface layer comprises an architecture that supports tissue ingrowth and is configured to maintain sufficient fluid flow to the sensor for long term glucose measurement, wherein the porous biointerface layer further comprises a first bioactive agent configured to be released over a first time period of from about one day to about one month, wherein release of the first bioactive agent is configured to increase a rate at which the device becomes functional by at least partially overcoming sleep period effects associated with a temporary decrease in sensor sensitivity associated with tissue ingrowth into the porous biointerface layer; wherein the porous biointerface layer further comprises a second bioactive agent configured to be released over a second time period, wherein release of the second bioactive a ent is configured to modulate a foreign body response to reduce a continual decline in sensor sensitivity over a life of a sensor.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the biointerface layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride, mixed cellulose esters, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polycarbonate, nylon, polyester, mixed esters of cellulose polyvinylidene difluoride, silicone, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polysulfone, polymethacrylate, and mixtures thereof.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the biointerface layer comprises expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the biointerface layer comprises silicone.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first bioactive or the second bioactive agent is selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory agents, anti-infective agents, anesthetics, inflammatory agents, growth factors, immunosuppressive agents, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, ACE inhibitors, cytotoxic agents, anti-barrier cell compounds, vascularization-inducing compounds, anti-sense molecules, and mixtures thereof.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first bioactive agent or the second bioactive agent is an anti-inflammatory agent selected from the group consisting of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NTHEs), aspirin, celecoxib, choline magnesium trisalicylate, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac sodium, diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, melenamic acid, nabumetone, naproxen, naproxen sodium, oxaprozin, piroxicam, rofecoxib, salsalate, sulindac, tolmetin, corticosteroids, cortisone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, betamethesone, beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, flunisolide, fluticasone propionate, triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone, fluocinolone, fluocinonide, betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, desonide, desoximetasone, fluocinolone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, clobetasol propionate, dexamethasone, and mixtures thereof.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first bioactive agent or the second bioactive agent is an anti-infective agent selected from the group consisting of anthelmintics, mebendazole, antibiotics, aminoclycosides, gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin, antifungal antibiotics, amphotericin b, fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nystatin, micatin, tolnaftate, cephalosporins, cefaclor, cefazolin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalexin, beta-lactam antibiotics, cefotetan, meropenem, chloramphenicol, macrolides, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, penicillins penicillin G sodium salt, amoxicillin, ampicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, tetracyclines, doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline, bacitracin, clindamycin, colistimethate sodium, polymyxin b sulfate, vancomycin; antivirals including acyclovir, amantadine, didanosine, efavirenz, foscarnet, ganciclovir, indinavir, lamivudine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, stavudine, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, zidovudine, quinolones, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, sulfonamides, sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfones, dapsone, furazolidone, metronidazole, pentamidine, sulfanilamidum crystallinum, gatifloxacin, sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim, and mixtures thereof.