1. A complex compound represented by Formula 1 below:
In Formula 1, M is trivalent cobalt or trivalent chromium;
A is an oxygen or sulfur atom;
Q is a diradical that connects two nitrogen atoms;
R1 and R2 are each independently (C1-C20) primary alkyl;
R3 to R10 are each independently hydrogen; halogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkoxy; (C6-C30)aryloxy; formyl; (C1-C20)alkylcarbonyl; (C6-C20)arylcarbonyl; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl;
two of R1 to R10 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
at least three of R3 to R10 are a proton group selected from among Formula a, Formula b and Formula c as represented below:
Z is nitrogen or phosphorus;
R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each independently (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R11, R12 and R13 or two of R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
R31, R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R31, R32 and R33 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
X\u2032 is oxygen, sulfur or N\u2014R (wherein R is (C1-C20)alkyl);
a is a number obtained by adding 1 to the number of proton groups included in R3 to R10;
b is an integer of 1 or more; and
a nitrate or acetate anion may be coordinated to M.
2. The complex compound of claim 1, wherein Q is (C6-C30)arylene, (C1-C20)alkylene, (C2-C20)alkenylene, (C2-C20)alkynylene, or (C3-C20)cycloalkylene.
3. The complex compound of claim 2, wherein M is trivalent cobalt;
A is oxygen;
Q is trans-1,2-cyclohexylene, phenylene or ethylene;
R1 and R2 are each independently methyl or ethyl;
R3 to R10 are each independently hydrogen or \u2014YR413-m{(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m;
Y is C or Si;
R41, R42, R43, R44, R45 and R46 are each independently hydrogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl, two of R44, R45 and R46 being linked with each other to form a ring;
m is an integer from 1 to 3, and n is an integer from 1 to 20,
in which at least three of R3 to R10 are \u2014YR413-m{(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m when m is 1, at least two of R3 to R10 are \u2014YR413-m{(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m when m is 2, or one or more of R3 to R10 are \u2014YR413-m{(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m when m is 3.
4. The complex compound of claim 3, which is a complex compound represented by Formula 2 below:
In Formula 2, R51 and R52 are each independently methyl or ethyl;
R53 and R54 are each independently hydrogen or methyl;
Q is trans-1,2-cyclohexylene, phenylene or ethylene;
n is an integer from 1 to 20; and
a nitrate anion and an acetate anion may be coordinated to cobalt.
5. The complex compound of claim 4, wherein R51, R52, R53 and R54 are methyl, n is 3, and Q is trans-1,2-cyclohexylene.
6. A method of preparing polycarbonate, comprising copolymerizing an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide using the complex compound of claim 1 as a catalyst.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the epoxide compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen, (C1-C20)alkyloxy, (C6-C20)aryloxy or (C6-C20)ar(C1-C20)alkyloxy; (C4-C20)cycloalkylene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen, (C1-C20)alkyloxy, (C6-C20)aryloxy or (C6-C20)ar(C1-C20)alkyloxy; and (C8-C20)styrene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen, (C1-C20)alkyloxy, (C6-C20)aryloxy, (C6-C20)ar(C1-C20)alkyloxy or (C1-C20)alkyl.
8. A method of preparing polycarbonate, comprising:
copolymerizing carbon dioxide and one or more epoxide compounds selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen, (C1-C20)alkyloxy, (C6-C20)aryloxy or (C6-C20)ar(C1-C20)alkyloxy; (C4-C20)cycloalkylene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen, (C1-C20)alkyloxy, (C6-C20)aryloxy or (C6-C20)ar(C1-C20)alkyloxy; and (C8-C20)styrene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen, (C1-C20)alkyloxy, (C6-C20)aryloxy, (C6-C20)ar(C1-C20)alkyloxy or (C1-C20)alkyl using a complex compound of Formula 3 below as a catalyst, thus preparing polycarbonate; and
bringing a solution in which the prepared copolymer and the catalyst are dissolved into contact with a solid inorganic material, a polymer material or a mixture thereof insoluble in the solution, thus forming a composite of solid inorganic material or polymer material and catalyst, thereby separating the copolymer and the catalyst from each other:
In Formula 3, M is trivalent cobalt or trivalent chromium;
A is oxygen or sulfur;
Q is a diradical that connects two nitrogen atoms;
R1 to R10 are each independently hydrogen; halogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkoxy; (C6-C30)aryloxy; formyl; (C1-C20)alkylcarbonyl; (C6-C20)arylcarbonyl; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl;
two of R1 to R10 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
at least one of R3 to R10 is a proton group selected from among Formula a, Formula b and Formula c as represented below:
Z is nitrogen or phosphorus;
R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each independently (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R11, R12 and R13 or two of R21, R22, R23, R24and R25 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
R31, R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R31, R32 and R33 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
X\u2032 is oxygen, sulfur or N\u2014R (wherein R is (C1-C20)alkyl);
a is a number obtained by adding 1 to the number of proton groups included in R3 to R10;
b is an integer of 1 or more; and
a nitrate or acetate anion may be coordinated to M.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the solid inorganic material is a silica or alumina which has been surface modified or not, and the solid polymer material is a polymer material having a functional group able to cause deprotonation by an alkoxy anion.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the functional group able to cause deprotonation by an alkoxy anion is a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a phenol group or an alcohol group.
11. A method of separating and recovering a catalyst and a catalyst precursor from a solution in which a copolymer and the catalyst are dissolved, comprising:
copolymerizing carbon dioxide and one or more epoxide compounds selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen or (C1-C20)alkoxy; (C4-C20)cycloalkylene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen or (C1-C20)alkoxy; and (C8-C20)styrene oxide substituted or unsubstituted with halogen, (C1-C20)alkoxy or (C1-C20)alkyl using a complex compound of Formula 3 below as a catalyst, thus preparing polycarbonate;
bringing a solution in which the prepared copolymer and the catalyst are dissolved into contact with a solid inorganic material, a polymer material or a mixture thereof insoluble in the solution, thus forming a composite of solid inorganic material or polymer material and catalyst, thereby separating the copolymer and the catalyst from each other; and
treating the composite of solid inorganic material or polymer material and catalyst with nitric acid or nitrate salt in a medium which does not dissolve the composite of solid inorganic material or polymer material and catalyst, thus dissolving out the catalyst or the catalyst precursor from the medium, thereby separating and recovering the catalyst and the catalyst precursor:
In Formula 3, M is trivalent cobalt or trivalent chromium;
A is oxygen or sulfur;
Q is a diradical that connects two nitrogen atoms;
R1 to R10 are each independently hydrogen; halogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkoxy; (C6-C30)aryloxy; formyl; (C1-C20)alkylcarbonyl; (C6-C20)arylcarbonyl; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl;
two of R1 to R10 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
at least one of R3 to R10 is a proton group selected from among Formula a, Formula b and Formula c as represented below:
Z is nitrogen or phosphorus;
R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each independently (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R11, R12 and R13 or two of R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
R31, R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R31, R32 and R33 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
X\u2032 is oxygen, sulfur or N\u2014R (wherein R is (C1-C20)alkyl);
a is a number obtained by adding 1 to the number of proton groups included in R3 to R10;
b is an integer of 1 or more; and
a nitrate or acetate anion may be coordinated to M.
12. A method of preparing the complex compound of Formula 1 of claim 1, comprising:
reacting a compound of Formula 4 below with silver nitrate (AgNO3) or a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver acetate (AgOC(O)CH3) corresponding to an equivalent of a halogen anion contained in Formula 4, thus preparing a compound of Formula 5 below; and
reacting the compound of Formula 5 with cobalt (II) acetate or chromium (II) acetate in presence of oxygen, thus preparing the complex compound of Formula 1 below:
In Formulas 1, 4 and 5, M is trivalent cobalt or trivalent chromium;
A is an oxygen or sulfur atom;
Q is a diradical that connects two nitrogen atoms;
X\u2212 is a halogen anion;
R1 and R2 are each independently (C1-C20) primary alkyl;
R3 to R10 are each independently hydrogen; halogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkoxy; (C6-C30)aryloxy; formyl; (C1-C20)alkylcarbonyl; (C6-C20)arylcarbonyl; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl;
two of R1 to R10 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
at least three of R3 to R10 are a proton group selected from among Formula a, Formula b and Formula c as represented below:
Z is nitrogen or phosphorus;
R11, R12, R13, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each independently (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R11, R12 and R13 or two of R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
R31, R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl; two of R31, R32 and R33 may be linked with each other to form a ring;
X\u2032 is oxygen, sulfur or N\u2014R (wherein R is (C1-C20)alkyl);
a is a number obtained by adding 1 to the number of proton groups included in R3 to R10;
b is an integer of 1 or more; and
a nitrate or acetate anion may be coordinated to M.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein M is trivalent cobalt;
A is oxygen;
Q is trans-1,2-cyclohexylene, phenylene or ethylene;
R1 and R2 are each independently methyl or ethyl;
R3 to R10 are each independently hydrogen or \u2014YR413-m{(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m;
Y is C or Si;
R41, R42, R43, R44, R45 and R46 are each independently hydrogen; (C1-C20)alkyl; (C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C2-C20)alkenyl; (C2-C20)alkenyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl; (C1-C20)alkyl(C6-C20)aryl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl; (C6-C20)aryl(C1-C20)alkyl containing one or more selected from among halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus; or a metalloid radical of Group 14 metal substituted with hydrocarbyl, two of R44, R45 and R46 being linked with each other to form a ring;
m is an integer from 1 to 3, and n is an integer from 1 to 20,
in which at least three of R3 to R10 are \u2014YR413-m{(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m when m is 1, at least two of R3 to R10 are \u2014YR413-m{(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m when m is 2, or one or more of R3 to R10 are \u2014YR413-m {(CR42R43)nN+R44R45R46}m when m is 3.
14. The method of claim 13, comprising:
reacting a compound of Formula 6 below with four equivalents of silver nitrate (AgNO3), thus preparing a compound of Formula 7 below; and
reacting the compound of Formula 7 with cobalt (II) acetate in the presence of oxygen, thus preparing a compound of Formula 2 below:
In Formulas 2, 6 and 7, X\u2212 is a halogen anion,
R51 and R52 are each independently methyl or ethyl;
R53 and R54 are each independently hydrogen or methyl;
Q is trans-1,2-cyclohexylene, phenylene or ethylene;
n is an integer from 1 to 20; and
a nitrate anion and an acetate anion may be coordinated to cobalt.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein R51, R52, R53 and R54 are methyl, n is 3, and Q is trans-1,2-cyclohexylene.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for starting an engine of a vehicle comprising:
a belt integrated starter-generator (BISG);
a starter motor; and
an electronic controller operable to use the starter motor to crank the engine if engine temperature is less than a predefined temperature limit and to otherwise use the BISG to crank the engine provided the BISG is operable to crank the engine at a speed greater than a defined rotational speed.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predefined temperature limit falls within a range of \u221230 to +5 degrees Celsius.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electronic controller is further operable to otherwise use the BISG to crank the engine provided a state of charge of a battery used to power the BISG is greater than a predefined level.
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electronic controller is further operable to permit automatic stopping and starting of the engine provided the engine temperature is greater than the predefined temperature limit.
5. An apparatus for starting an engine of a vehicle comprising:
a belt integrated starter-generator (BISG);
a starter motor; and
an electronic controller operable to use the starter motor to crank the engine if engine temperature is less than a predefined temperature limit and to otherwise use the BISG to crank the engine provided the BISG is operable to cause an acceleration of the engine greater than a predefined acceleration.
6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the predefined temperature limit falls within a range of \u221230 to +5 degrees Celsius.
7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the electronic controller is further operable to otherwise use the BISG to crank the engine provided a state of charge of a battery used to power the BISG is greater than a predefined level.
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the electronic controller is further operable to permit automatic stopping and starting of the engine provided the engine temperature is greater than the predefined temperature limit.
9. A method of starting an engine of a vehicle comprising:
using a starter motor to crank the engine if engine temperature is less than a predefined temperature limit, and otherwise using a belt integrated starter-generator (BISG) to crank the engine provided the BISG is operable to crank the engine at a speed greater than a predefined rotational speed.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the predefined temperature limit falls within a range of \u221230 to +5 degrees Celsius.
11. A method as claimed in claim 9 further comprising otherwise using the BISG to crank the engine provided a state of charge of a battery used to power the BISG is greater than a predefined level.
12. A method as claimed in claim 9 further comprising permitting automatic stopping and starting of the engine provided the engine temperature is greater than the predefined temperature limit.