1. A power supply apparatus for a shaping machine, comprising
an intermediate circuit which can be connected to at least one drive of the shaping machine, a power supply mains and a power storage device,
a measuring device for measuring an electric voltage or an electric current at the intermediate circuit, and
a closed-loop regulating device by means of which a power transfer between the power supply mains and the intermediate circuit can be regulated in dependence on the measured voltage or the measured current,
wherein the closed-loop regulating device is adapted to increase in magnitude a mains power furnished by the power supply mains to the intermediate circuit if the measured voltage or the measured current leaves a first range and to reduce in magnitude the mains power if the measured voltage or the measured current passes into a second range, wherein the second range is smaller than the first range and is completely contained in the first range.
2. A power supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the closed-loop regulating device is adapted to increase a mains power furnished by the power supply mains to the intermediate circuit if the measured voltage or the measured current falls below a lower limit value and to reduce the mains power if the measured voltage or the measured current exceeds a lower threshold value, wherein the lower threshold value is greater than the lower limit value.
3. A power supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the closed-loop regulating device is adapted to increase a regenerative power furnished by the intermediate circuit to the power supply mains if the measured voltage or the measured current exceeds an upper limit value and to reduce the regenerative power if the measured voltage or the measured current falls below an upper threshold value, wherein the upper limit value is greater than the upper threshold value.
4. A power supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate circuit has an intermediate circuit capacitor preferably connected in parallel.
5. A power supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the measuring device is in the form of a voltage measuring device and the measured voltage or the measured current is an intermediate circuit voltage at the intermediate circuit, wherein the intermediate circuit voltage is preferably an electric voltage at the intermediate circuit capacitor.
6. A power supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the closed-loop regulating device is adapted to increase the mains power in magnitude to a maximum mains power if the measured voltage or the measured current leaves the first range.
7. A power supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the closed-loop regulating device is adapted to limit the mains power in magnitude to a fixed multiple\u2014preferably 1.1 times\u2014of a nominal power of the power supply mains if the measured voltage or the measured current passes into the second range.
8. A power supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein there is provided a mains connection module which is connected to the intermediate circuit and by way of which electric power can be transferred between the power supply mains and the intermediate circuit.
9. A power supply apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the mains connection module has a rectifier connected to the intermediate circuit for rectification of an AC voltage supplied by the power supply mains.
10. A power supply apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the mains connection module has an inverter connected to the intermediate circuit for providing an AC voltage for the power recovery of electric power back to the power supply mains.
11. A shaping machine having a power supply apparatus according to claim 1.
12. A shaping machine according to claim 11, wherein the intermediate circuit is connected to the at least one drive, in particular a closing drive and an injection drive, of the shaping machine or to a power storage device.
13. A shaping machine according to claim 12, wherein the power storage device has at least one storage capacitor for the storage of electric power.
14. A shaping machine according to claim 13 comprising a power supply apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a capacitance of the at least one storage capacitor is greater\u2014preferably by a factor of 10 to 30\u2014than a capacitance of the intermediate circuit capacitor.
15. A shaping machine according to claim 13, wherein the intermediate circuit is connected to the power supply mains, preferably by way of a mains connection module.
16. A method of power supply of a shaping machine, wherein
at least one drive of the shaping machine is supplied with electric power by way of an intermediate circuit, and
a voltage or a current is measured at the intermediate circuit, wherein
a first range and a second range is established for the measured voltage or the measured current, wherein the second range is smaller than the first range and is contained completely in the first range, and
a mains power furnished by the power supply mains to an intermediate circuit is increased in magnitude if the measured voltage or the measured current leaves the first range and the mains power is reduced in magnitude if the measured voltage or the measured current passes into the second range.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A chemically stable antioxidant compound, comprising:
a lipophilic cationic moiety linked by a linking moiety to an antioxidant moiety; and
an anionic complement for said cationic moiety,
wherein the cationic moiety is capable of mitochondrially targeting the antioxidant moiety,
wherein the anionic complement is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not a halogen ion or a nitrate anion and is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl sulfonate, an aryl sulfonate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, tetraphenylborate, and tetra(perfluorophenyl)borate, and does not exhibit reactivity against the antioxidant moiety, the cationic moiety or the linking moiety, and wherein the antioxidant compound exhibits less than 10% decomposition after 60 days at 25\xb0 C., 50% relative humidity, the antioxidant compound having the general formula I:
or its quinol form, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are the same or different and are selected from C1 to C5 alkyl, substituted C1 to C5 alkyl and H, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, and wherein n is an integer from 2 to 20, and wherein Z is the anionic complement.
2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the lipophilic cationic moiety is a substituted or an unsubstituted triphenylphosphonium cation.
3. The compound of claim 1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is not a halogen ion.
4. The compound of claim 1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is not nucleophilic.
5. The compound of claim 1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is an alkyl sulfonate.
6. The compound of claim 1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is selected from the group consisting of methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate.
7. The compound of claim 1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is methanesulfonate.
8. The compound according to claim 1 wherein the antioxidant moiety is a quinone or a quinol.
9. The compound according to claim 1 wherein the quinone or quinol antioxidant moiety is replaced with an antioxidant moiety that is selected from the group consisting of (i) vitamin E (ii) a chain breaking antioxidant, (iii) a fullerene, and (iv) a spin trap.
10. The compound according to claim 1 wherein the quinone or quinol antioxidant moiety is replaced with an antioxidant moiety that is selected from the group consisting of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide, tert-butylnitrosobenzene, tert-nitrosobenzene and \u03b1-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone.
11. The compound according to claim 1 wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl sulfonate and an aryl sulfonate.
12. The compound according to claim 1 wherein C of (C)n is saturated.
13. A compound according to claim 1 having the formula:
or its quinol form, wherein Z is the anionic complement.
14. A compound according to claim 1 having the formula:
or its quinol form.
15. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising:
(a) a chemically stable antioxidant compound that comprises a lipophilic cationic moiety linked by a linking moiety to an antioxidant moiety;
an anionic complement for said cationic moiety, wherein the cationic moiety is capable of mitochondrially targeting the antioxidant moiety, wherein the anionic complement is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not a halogen ion or a nitrate anion and is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl sulfonate, an aryl sulfonate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, tetraphenylborate, and tetra(perfluorophenyl)borate, and does not exhibit reactivity against the antioxidant moiety, the cationic moiety or the linking moiety, and wherein the antioxidant compound exhibits less than 10% decomposition after 60 days at 25\xb0 C., 50% relative humidity, the antioxidant compound having the general formula I:
or its quinol form, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are the same or different and are selected from C1to C5 alkyl, substituted C1 to C5 alkyl and H, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, and wherein n is an integer from 2 to 20, and wherein Z is the anionic complement; and
(b) a carrier or excipient.
16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 wherein the lipophilic cationic moiety is a substituted or an unsubstituted triphenylphosphonium, cation.
17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is selected from the group consisting of (i) an alkyl sulfonate, (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not a halogen ion, and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not nucleophilic.
18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is selected from the group consisting of methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate.
19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is methanesulfonate.
20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 wherein the quinone or quinol antioxidant moiety is replaced with an antioxidant moiety that is selected from the group consisting of (i) vitamin E, (iii) a chain breaking antioxidant, (iii) a fullerene, and (iv) a spin trap.
21. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl sulfonate and an aryl sulfonate.
22. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 wherein C of (C)n is saturated.
23. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 wherein the compound has the formula:
or its quinol form, wherein Z is the anionic complement.
24. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 wherein the compound has the formula:
25. The pharmaceutical composition according to either claim 23 or claim 24 which comprises cyclodextrin.
26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25 wherein the compound and cyclodextrin are present at a compound-to-cyclodextrin molar ratio that is from about 10:1 to about 1:10.
27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25 wherein the compound and cyclodextrin are present at a compound-to-cyclodextrin molar ratio that is selected from the group consisting of (i) from about 5:1 to about 1:5, (ii) from about 4:1 to about 1:4, (iii) from about 2:1 to about 1:2, (iv) about 1:1 and (v) about 1:2.
28. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25 wherein the cyclodextrin is \u03b2-cyclodrextrin.
29. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 24 which comprises cyclodextrin wherein the compound and cyclodextrin are present at a compound-to-cyclodextrin molar ratio that is about 1:2.
30. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 that is selected from the group consisting of a pharmaceutical composition that is formulated for oral administration and a pharmaceutical composition that is formulated for parenteral administration.
31. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 24 which comprises cyclodextrin, and that is selected from the group consisting of a pharmaceutical composition that is formulated for oral administration and a pharmaceutical composition that is formulated for parenteral administration.
32. A method of reducing oxidative stress in a cell, comprising:
contacting a cell that comprises mitochondria with a chemically stable antioxidant compound that comprises (i) a lipophilic cationic moiety linked by a linking moiety to an antioxidant moiety, and (ii) an anionic complement for said cationic moiety, wherein the cationic moiety is capable of mitochondrially targeting the antioxidant moiety, wherein the anionic complement is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not a halogen ion or a nitrate anion and is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl sulfonate, an aryl sulfonate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, tetraphenylborate, and tetra(perfluorophenyl)borate, and does not exhibit reactivity against the antioxidant moiety, the cationic moiety or the linking moiety, and wherein the antioxidant compound exhibits less than 10% decomposition after 60 days at 25\xb0 C., 50% relative humidity, under conditions and for a time sufficient for accumulation of the antioxidant compound in the mitochondria, and thereby reducing oxidative stress in the cell, the antioxidant compound having the general formula I:
or its quinol form, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are the same or different and are selected from C1 to C5 alkyl, substituted C1 to C5 alkyl and H, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted and wherein n is an integer from 2 to 20, and wherein Z is the anionic complement.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein the lipophilic cationic moiety is a substituted or an unsubstituted triphenylphosphonium cation.
34. The method of claim 32 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is selected from the group consisting of (i) an alkyl sulfonate, (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not a halogen ion, and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not nucleophilic.
35. The method of claim 32 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is selected from the group consisting of methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate.
36. The method of claim 32 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is methanesulfonate.
37. The method of claim 32 wherein the quinone or quinol antioxidant moiety is replaced with an antioxidant moiety that is selected from the group consisting of (i) vitamin E (iii) a chain breaking antioxidant, (iii) a fullerene, and (iv) a spin trap.
38. The method of claim 32 wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl sulfonate and an aryl sulfonate.
39. The method of claim 32 wherein C of (C)n is saturated.
40. The method of claim 32 wherein the antioxidant compound has the formula:
or its quinol form, wherein Z is the anionic complement.
41. The method of claim 32 wherein the antioxidant compound has the formula:
42. The method of either claim 40 or claim 41 wherein the antioxidant compound is present in a pharmaceutical composition that further comprises a carrier or excipient, wherein said carrier or excipient comprises cyclodextrin.
43. The method of claim 42 wherein the antioxidant compound and cyclodextrin are present at a compound-to-cyclodextrin molar ratio that is from about 10:1 to about 1:10.
44. The method of claim 42 wherein the compound and cyclodextrin are present at a compound-to-cyclodextrin molar ratio that is selected from the group consisting of (i) from about 5:1 to about 1:5, (ii) from about 4:1 to about 1:4, (iii) from about 2:1 to about 1:2, (iv) about 1:1 and (v) about 1:2.
45. The method of claim 42 wherein the cyclodextrin is \u03b2-cyclodextrin.
46. The method of claim 42 wherein the compound and cyclodextrin are present at a compound-to-cyclodextrin molar ratio that is about 1:2.
47. A method of preparing an antioxidant compound that is capable of reducing oxidative stress in a cell, comprising admixing cyclodextrin or a cyclodextrin derivative that is selected from \u03b2-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylcyclodextrin, maltosylcyclodextrin, and hydroxypropylcyclodextrin, with a compound of the formula I
or its quinol form, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are the same or different and are selected from C1 to C5 alkyl, substituted C1 to C5 alkyl and H, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, wherein n is an integer from 2 to 20, wherein Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion that is not a bromide ion or a nitrate anion and does not exhibit reactivity against any moiety of the compound of formula I, and wherein the compound exhibits less than 10% decomposition after 60 days at 25\xb0 C., 50% relative humidity.
48. A method of preparing an antioxidant compound that is capable of reducing oxidative stress in a cell, comprising admixing cyclodextrin or a cyclodextrin derivative that is selected from \u03b2-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylcyclodextrin, maltosylcyclodextrin, and hydroxypropylcyclodextrin, with a compound having the formula:
or its quinol form, wherein the compound exhibits less than 10% decomposition after 60 days at 25\xb0 C., 50% relative humidity.
49. A method of synthesis of a compound having the formula
or its quinol form, said method comprising reacting idebenol mesylate with triphenylphosphine, wherein the compound exhibits less than 10% decomposition after 60 days at 25\xb0 C., 50% relative humidity.
50. The method of claim 49 which comprises chemically reducing idebenone mesylate to obtain idebenol mesylate prior to the step of reacting the idebenol mesylate with triphenylphosphine.
51. The method of claim 49 further comprising, prior to the reaction of idebenone mesylate with triphenylphosphine, the steps of:
(a) adding triethylamine to an idebenone solution to obtain an idebenone triethylamine mixture;
(b) cooling the idebenone triethylamine mixture of (a); and
I reacting the idebenone triethylamine mixture with a methanesulfonyl chloride solution to obtain idebenone mesylate.
52. The method of claim 51 comprising at least one of:
(i) step (a) wherein adding triethylamine comprises adding a molar excess of triethylamine relative to idebenone,
(ii) step (b) wherein cooling comprises cooling to 10\xb13\xb0 C., and
(iii) step I wherein reacting comprises reacting at approximately 10-15\xb0 C.