1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
observing communication between a plurality of devices;
inferring a respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices based upon the observing the communication;
the respective state of a first device of the at least one device is determined to be unfulfilled;
the respective state of the first device is determined to be unfulfilled when the observing the communication comprises
observing an address resolution protocol request comprising a destination address for the first device, and
observing that the first device does not respond to the address resolution protocol request prior to expiration of a time limit.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein
the inferring is performed without sending a packet to the at least one device.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein
the inferring is performed without participating in the communication with the at least one device.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein
the inferring is performed only by listening to the communication with the at least one device.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
setting a designation for a first device of the plurality of devices to a threat when
the first device receives a packet and
the respective state of the first device is unfulfilled.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising:
changing the designation for the first device to a non-threat when subsequent communication initiated by the first device does not violate a rule for the communication.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
setting a designation for a first device of the plurality of devices to a possible threat when
the communication is initiated by the first device, and
the communication initiated by the first device violates a rule.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
changing the designation for the first device to a non-threat when subsequent communication initiated by the first device does not violate a second rule for the communication.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
setting a designation for a first device of the at least one device to a possible threat based upon a packet configuration for a packet sent by the first device as part of the communication.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein
the respective state of a first device of the at least one device is determined to be unknown.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be unknown when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device fails to respond to the communication sent to the first device.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be unfulfilled when the first device receives an address resolution protocol request.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein
the respective state of a first device of the plurality of devices is determined to be used.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device performs one of sending and receiving a packet.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device sent a reply to the packet within a time limit.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein
the respective state of a first device of the plurality of devices is determined to be virtual.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be virtual when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device did not send a reply to the packet within a time limit.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein
the respective state of a first device of the plurality of devices is determined to be automatic.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be automatic when
an automatic reply is programmed to be sent to a second address when the first device receives a packet from the second address.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be omitted.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein
the respective state of the first device is determined to be omitted when
the observing is programmed to omit communication with the first device from the observing.
22. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
initializing the respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices to unknown prior to the observing.
23. The method of claim 1 wherein
the plurality of devices communicates via a segment of a network.
24. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
maintaining the respective state for one device of the at least one device in a storage area.
25. The method of claim 1 wherein
storing information about at least one packet of a plurality of packets communicated between the plurality of devices.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein
the information comprises a respective source address and a respective destination address for each packet of the plurality of packets.
27. The method of claim 25 wherein
the information comprises a protocol for each packet of the plurality of packets.
28. The method of claim 25 wherein
the information comprises a time that each packet of the plurality of packets was sent.
29. A processing system comprising:
observing means for observing communication between a plurality of devices; and
inferring means for inferring a respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices based upon the observing the communication;
determining means for determining that the respective state of the first device is unfulfilled when the observing the communication comprises
observing an address resolution protocol request comprising a destination address for the first device, and
observing that the first device does not respond to the address resolution protocol request prior to expiration of a time limit.
30. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
determining means for determining that the respective state is unknown when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device fails to respond to the communication sent to the first device.
31. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
determining means for determining that the respective state of the first device is unfulfilled when the first device receives an address resolution protocol request.
32. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
determining means for determining that the respective state of the first device is used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device performs one of sending and receiving a packet.
33. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
determining means for determining that the respective state of the first device is used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device sent a reply to the packet within a time limit.
34. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
determining means for determining that the respective state of a first device of the plurality of devices is virtual when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device failed to send a reply to the packet within a time limit.
35. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
determining means for determining that the respective state of the first device is automatic when
an automatic reply is programmed to be sent to a second address when the first device receives a packet from the second address.
36. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
determining means for determining that the respective state of the first device is omitted when
the observing is programmed to omit communication with the first device from the observing.
37. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
initializing means for initializing the respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices to unknown prior to the observing.
38. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
maintaining means for maintaining the respective state for one device of the at least one device in a storage area.
39. The system of claim 29 further comprising:
storing means for storing information about at least one packet of a plurality of packets communicated between the plurality of devices.
40. A system comprising:
an observing module configured to observe communication between a plurality of devices; and
an inferring module configured to infer a respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices based upon the observing the communication;
a determining module configured to determine that the respective state of the first device is unfulfilled when the observing the communication comprises
observing an address resolution protocol request comprising a destination address for the first device, and
observing that the first device does not respond to the address resolution protocol request prior to expiration of a time limit; and
a processor configured to interpret the observing module, inferring module, and determining module.
41. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
the determining module is further configured to determine that the respective state is unknown when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device fails to respond to the communication sent to the first device.
42. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
the determining module is further configured to determine that the respective state of the first device is unfulfilled when the first device receives an address resolution protocol request.
43. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
the determining module is further configured to determine that the respective state of the first device is used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device performs one of sending and receiving a packet.
44. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
the determining module is further configured to determine that the respective state of the first device is used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device sent a reply to the packet within a time limit.
45. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
the determining module is further configured to determine that the respective state of a first device of the plurality of devices is virtual when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device failed to send a reply to the packet within a time limit.
46. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
the determining module is further configured to determine that the respective state of the first device is automatic when
an automatic reply is programmed to be sent to a second address when the first device receives a packet from the second address.
47. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
the determining module is further configured to determine that the respective state of the first device is omitted when
the observing is programmed to omit communication with the first device from the observing.
48. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
an initializing module configured to initialize the respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices to unknown prior to the observing.
49. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
a maintaining module configured to maintain the respective state for one device of the at least one device in a storage area.
50. The system of claim 40 further comprising:
a storing module configured to store information about at least one packet of a plurality of packets communicated between the plurality of devices.
51. An article of manufacture comprising:
computer-readable medium encoded with computer interpretable instructions embodied therein including:
observing instructions configured to cause a processor to observe communication between a plurality of devices; and
inferring instructions configured to cause the processor to infer a respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices based upon the observing the communication;
determining instructions configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state of the first device is unfulfilled when the observing the communication comprises
observing an address resolution protocol request comprising a destination address for the first device, and
observing that the first device does not respond to the address resolution protocol request prior to expiration of a time limit.
52. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
the determining instructions further configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state is unknown when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device fails to respond to the communication sent to the first device.
53. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
the determining instructions further configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state of the first device is unfulfilled when the first device receives an address resolution protocol request.
54. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
the determining instructions further configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state of the first device is used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device performs one of sending and receiving a packet.
55. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
the determining instructions further configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state of the first device is used when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device sent a reply to the packet within a time limit.
56. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
the determining instructions further configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state of a first device of the plurality of devices is virtual when the observing the communication comprises
observing that the first device received a packet when the respective state for the first device was unfulfilled, and
observing that the first device failed to send a reply to the packet within a time limit.
57. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
the determining instructions further configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state of the first device is automatic when
an automatic reply is programmed to be sent to a second address when the first device receives a packet from the second address.
58. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
the determining instructions further configured to cause the processor to determine that the respective state of the first device is omitted when
the observing is programmed to omit communication with the first device from the observing.
59. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
initializing instructions configured to cause the processor to initialize the respective state of at least one device of the plurality of devices to unknown prior to the observing.
60. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
maintaining instructions configured to cause the processor to maintain the respective state for one device of the at least one device in a storage area.
61. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising:
storing instructions configured to cause the processor to store information about at least one packet of a plurality of packets communicated between the plurality of devices.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of manufacturing an electrode for a fuel cell, said electrode having a plurality of pores and comprising carbon particles with a catalyst carried thereon, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing an electrode-forming member comprising said carbon particles and a pore-forming agent that can be sublimed; and
(b) subliming said pore-forming agent by setting said electrode-forming member under a predetermined condition.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises the steps of:
(a1) dissolving said pore-forming agent into a solvent that allows dissolution of said pore-forming agent and dispersing said carbon particles in the solvent, so as to prepare a solution for forming a paste-like electrode;
(a2) forming the solution prepared in said step (al) into a predetermined shape of said electrode-forming member; and
(a3) depositing said pore-forming agent dissolved in the solution formed into the predetermined shape in said step (a2).
3. A method in accordance with claim 2, wherein said step (a3) further comprises the step of:
drying the solution formed into the predetermined shape, so as to make concentration of said pore-forming agent in the solution equal to or higher than its solubility, thereby allowing deposition of said pore-forming agent.
4. A method in accordance with claim 2 or 3, wherein said steps (a1) and (a2) are carried out at a predetermined temperature that allows solubility of said pore-forming agent in the solvent to be equal to or higher than a predetermined level.
5. A method of manufacturing an electrode for a fuel cell, said electrode having a plurality of pores and comprising carbon particles with a catalyst carried thereon, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) dispersing said carbon particles in a solvent that can be freeze-dried, so as to prepare a solution for forming a paste-like electrode;
(b) forming the solution prepared in said step (a) into a predetermined shape of said electrode; and
(c) freeze-drying the solvent of the solution formed into the predetermined shape in said step (b) under a specified condition.
6. A method of manufacturing an electrode-electrolyte membrane joint body for a fuel cell, said electrode-electrolyte membrane joint body being obtained by joining an electrode having a plurality of pores and comprising carbon particles with a catalyst carried thereon with an electrolyte membrane mainly composed of a polymer electrolyte, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing an electrode-forming member comprising said carbon particles and a pore-forming agent that sublimes under a specified condition;
(b) joining said electrode-forming member prepared in said step (a) with said electrolyte membrane under a certain condition other than the specified condition to yield a joint body; and
(c) subliming said pore-forming agent by setting said joint body of said electrode-forming member and said electrolyte membrane under the specified condition.
7. A method in accordance with claim 6, wherein said step (a) further comprises the steps of:
(a1) dissolving said pore-forming agent into a solvent that allows dissolution of said pore-forming agent and dispersing said carbon particles in the solvent, so as to prepare a solution for forming a paste-like electrode;
(a2) forming the solution prepared in said step (a1) into a predetermined shape of said electrode-forming member; and
(a3) depositing said pore-forming agent dissolved in the solution formed into the predetermined shape in said step (a2).
8. A method in accordance with claim 7, wherein said step (a3) further comprises the step of:
drying the solution formed into the predetermined shape, so as to make concentration of said pore-forming agent in the solution equal to or higher than its solubility, thereby allowing deposition of said pore-forming agent.
9. A method in accordance with claim 7 or 8, wherein said steps (a1) and (a2) are carried out at a predetermined temperature that allows solubility of said pore-forming agent in the solvent to be equal to or higher than a predetermined level.
10. A method of manufacturing an electrode-electrolyte membrane joint body for a fuel cell, said electrode-electrolyte membrane joint body being obtained by joining an electrode having a plurality of pores and comprising carbon particles with a catalyst carried thereon with an electrolyte membrane mainly composed of a polymer electrolyte, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) dispersing said carbon particles in a solvent that can be freeze-dried, so as to prepare a solution for forming a paste-like electrode;
(b) forming the solution prepared in said step (a) into a predetermined shape of said electrode on said electrolyte membrane; and
(c) freeze-drying the solvent by setting the solution formed into the predetermined shape in said step (b) under a specified condition.
11. An electrode for a fuel cell, said electrode comprising carbon particles with a catalyst carried thereon and a space of three-dimensional diversified structure that is made of a plurality of pores having various diameters.
12. An electrode in accordance with claim 11, wherein said pores have diameters ranging from 0.02 to 0.3 m.