We claim:
1. An isolated subgenomic polynucleotide comprising at least twelve contiguous nucleotides selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences as shown in SEQ ID NOs:1-15.
2. An isolated subgenomic polynucleotide comprising at least twelve contiguous nucleotides selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:2, 5 and 15.
3. An isolated polypeptide, wherein said polypeptide comprises at least 6 contiguous amino acids encoded by a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:1-15.
4. An isolated polypeptide, wherein said polypeptide comprises at least 6 contiguous amino acids encoded by a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:2, 5 and 15.
5. An antibody preparation which specifically binds to a polypeptide of claim 3.
6. An antibody preparation which specifically binds to a polypeptide of claim 4.
7. An isolated nucleotide probe consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:1-15.
8. The polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein said polynucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO:12.
9. A method of diagnosing cancer comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of a polypeptide expressed from the polynucleotide of claim 8 in a tissue sample of a human suspected of being cancerous and in a human tissue which is normal; and
comparing the determined amounts; wherein a sample human tissue which contains less of the polypeptide than the normal tissue is identified as cancerous.
10. A method of diagnosing cancer comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of mRNA molecules in a sample tissue of a human suspected of being cancerous and in a human tissue which is normal, wherein said mRNA molecules are complementary to the polynucleotide sequence of claim 8 or its complement; and
comparing the determined amounts of mRNA molecules; wherein a sample human tissue which contains less of said mRNA molecules than the normal tissue is identified as cancerous.
11. A therapeutic composition useful for reducing the growth rate of cancer cells comprising:
a polynucleotide comprising all or a portion of a nucleotide sequence of claim 8 which is operably linked to a promoter sequence, wherein said portion comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
12. A therapeutic composition useful for reducing the growth rate of cancer cells comprising:
a polypeptide comprising all or a portion of an amino acid sequence expressed from a polynucleotide of claim 8; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
13. A method of diagnosing dysplasia and cancer comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of a polypeptide expressed from the polynucleotide of claim 2 in a sample tissue of a human suspected of being dysplastic or cancerous and in a human tissue which is normal; and
comparing the determined amounts; wherein a proband human tissue which contains more of the polypeptide than the normal tissue is identified as being dysplastic or cancerous.
14. A method of diagnosing dysplasia comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of a polypeptide expressed from a polynucleotide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:1, 3-4, 6-11, and 13-14 in a sample human tissue suspected of being dysplastic and in a human tissue which is normal; and
comparing the determined amounts; wherein a sample human tissue which contains more of the polypeptide than the normal tissue is identified as being dysplastic.
15. A method of diagnosing cancer comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of a polypeptide expressed from a polynucleotide of claim 2, and the amount of a polypeptide expressed from a polynucleotide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:1, 3-4, 6-11, and 13-14 in a sample human tissue suspected of containing cancer, and in a human tissue which is normal; and
comparing the determined amounts; wherein a sample human tissue which contains more of the polypeptide expressed from a polynucleotide of claim 2, as compared to the normal tissue and which contains substantially the same amount of a polypeptide expressed from a polynucleotide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs 1, 3-4, 6-11, and 13-14, as compared to the normal tissue, is identified as cancerous.
16. A method of diagnosing dysplasia and cancer comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of mRNA molecules in a sample tissue of a human suspected of being dysplastic or cancerous and in a human tissue which is normal, wherein said mRNA molecules are complementary to the polynucleotide of claim 2 or its complement; and
comparing the determined amounts of mRNA molecules, wherein a sample human tissue which contains more of the mRNA molecules than the normal tissue is identified as being dysplastic or cancerous.
17. A method of diagnosing dysplasia comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of mRNA molecules in a sample human tissue suspected of being dysplastic and in a human tissue which is normal, wherein said mRNA molecules are complementary to the minus strand of a double-stranded sequence, wherein said double-stranded polynucleotide sequence is selected from the group of polynucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs:1, 3-4, 6-11, and 13-14; and
comparing the determined amounts of mRNA molecules; wherein a sample human tissue which contains more of the mRNA molecules than the normal tissue is identified as being dysplastic.
18. A method of diagnosing cancer comprising the steps of:
determining the amount of a first set of mRNA molecules in a sample human tissue suspected of being cancerous and in a human tissue which is normal, wherein said mRNA molecules are complementary to the minus strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide sequence, wherein said double-stranded polynucleotide sequence is selected from the group of polynucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs:1, 3-4, 6-11, and 13-14; and
determining the amount of a second set of mRNA molecules in a sample human tissue suspected of being cancerous and in a human tissue which is normal, wherein said mRNA molecules are complementary to the minus strand of a double-stranded sequence, wherein said double-stranded polynucleotide sequence is selected from the group of polynucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs:2, 5, and 15; and
comparing the determined amounts; wherein a proband human tissue which contains more of the second set of mRNA molecules than the normal tissue, and which contains substantially same amount of the first set of mRNA molecules, as compared to the normal tissue, is identified as cancerous.
19. A therapeutic composition useful for decreasing the amount of translation of an mRNA molecule in a cell comprising:
an antisense polynucleotide complementary to the plus strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide, wherein said double-stranded polynucleotide comprises the polynucleotide of claim 2, wherein said antisense polynucleotide binds to an mRNA molecule; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
20. A therapeutic composition useful for reducing the expression of a polypeptide comprising:
an antibody which specifically binds to a polypeptide expressed from the polynucleotide of claim 2; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
21. A therapeutic composition useful for reducing the translation from an mRNA molecule comprising:
a ribozyme which binds to an mRNA molecule, wherein a portion of said ribozyme is complementary to the plus strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide;
wherein said polynucleotide comprises the polynucleotide of claim 2; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for reducing a blocking artifact in a video stream, the method comprising:
calculating an activity value representing the local activity around a block boundary between a plurality of adjacent blocks in the video stream;
determining a region mode for the block boundary according to the activity value;
adaptively determining a plurality of thresholds according to at least differences in the values of quantization parameters (QPs) of the adjacent blocks; and
filtering a plurality of pixels around the block boundary to reduce the blocking artifact according to the region mode and the plurality of thresholds.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising adaptively determining a first threshold TH0_INTRA, a third threshold TH0_INTER, a fourth threshold TH1_INTRA, a fifth threshold TH2_INTRA, a sixth threshold TH1_INTER, and a seventh threshold TH2_INTER; wherein when determining the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh thresholds, at least taking into account differences in QPs of the adjacent blocks.
3. The method of claim 2, further taking into account a user defined offset (UDO) allowing the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh threshold levels to be adjusted according to the UDO value.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein:
the first threshold TH0_INTRA is calculated as:
TH0_INTRA=\u22122+(QP1+QP2)+2\xb7UDO;
the third threshold TH0_INTER is calculated as:
TH0_INTER=\u22122+(QP1+QP2)\u22122\xb7MVI\u22122\xb7BFlag+2\xb7UDO;
the fourth threshold TH1_INTRA is calculated as:
TH1_INTRA
=
–
1
+
1
2
\xb7
(
QP1
+
QP2
)
+
1
2
\xb7
\uf603
QP1
–
QP2
\uf604
+
UDO
;
the fifth threshold TH2_INTRA is calculated as:
TH2_INTRA=\u22122+(QP1+QP2)+|QP1\u2212QP2|+2\xb7UDO;
the sixth threshold TH1_INTER is calculated as: and
TH1_INTER
=
a
+
1
2
\xb7
(
QP1
+
QP2
)
+
1
2
\xb7
\uf603
QP1
–
QP2
\uf604
+
2
\xb7
MVI
–
2
\xb7
BFlag
+
UDO
;
the seventh threshold TH2_INTER is calculated as:
TH2_INTER
=
a
+
(
QP1
+
QP2
)
+
1
2
\xb7
\uf603
QP1
–
QP2
\uf604
–
2
\xb7
MVI
–
2
\xb7
BFlag
+
2
\xb7
UDO
;
wherein MVI represents the motion vector indicator; if the picture is B-picture, BFlag is set to 1, otherwise, BFlag is set to 0; and if the 8\xd78 block boundary is also a macroblock (MB) boundary, a is set to \u22121, otherwise, a is set to \u22123.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein calculating the activity value comprises summing absolute differences between pixels Vl around the block boundary as follows:
ACTIVITY
=
\u2211
i
=
4
i
\u2062
\uf603
v
i
–
v
i
+
1
\uf604
+
\u2211
i
=
8
10
\u2062
\uf603
v
i
–
v
i
+
1
\uf604
6. The method of claim 5, wherein:
if at least one of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block:
if the activity value is greater than the first threshold TH0_INTRA, determining the region mode to be an active region;
if the activity value is less than the first threshold TH0_INTRA but greater than a second threshold, determining the region mode to be a smooth region; and
if the activity value is less than the second threshold, determining the region mode to be a dormant region; and
if none of the adjacent blocks are intra-coded blocks:
if the activity value is greater than the third threshold TH0_INTER, determining the region mode to be an active region;
if the activity value is less than the third threshold TH0_INTER but greater than the second threshold, determining the region mode to be a smooth region; and
if the activity value is less than the second threshold, determining the region mode to be a dormant region.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second threshold is fixed at a predetermined value.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the predetermined value is 6.
9. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
if the region mode is active region,
if at least one of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block and a high frequency component (c3) is less than the fourth threshold TH1_INTRA, or if none of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block and the high frequency component (c3) is less than the sixth threshold TH1_INTER, filtering the pixels around the block boundary using a first filter;
if the region mode is smooth region,
if at least one of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block and the absolute value of the difference of the pixel values on either side of the block boundary is less than the fifth threshold TH2_INTRA, or if none of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block and the absolute value of the difference of the pixel values on either side of the block boundary is less than the seventh threshold TH2_INTER, filtering the pixels around the block boundary using a second filter; and
if the region mode is dormant region,
if at least one of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block and the absolute value of the difference of the pixel values on either side of the block boundary is less than the fifth threshold TH2_INTRA, or if none of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block and the absolute value of the difference of the pixel values on either side of the block boundary is less than the seventh threshold TH2_INTER, filtering the pixels around the block boundary using a third filter.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the high frequency component (c3) is calculated using pixels v6, v7, v8, v9 around the block boundary as follows:
c3=(v6\u2212v7+v8\u2212v9)2.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first filter is a one dimensional filter formed by using a 4-point Hadamard Transform (HT), wherein the high frequency coefficient of the HT is reduced to 0 for frame-coded pictures.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first filter is a one dimensional filter formed by using a 4-point Hadamard Transform (HT), wherein the high frequency coefficient of the HT is reduced to one half for field-coded pictures.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the filtered pixels are further refined by adjusting a pixel quantized with a larger QP to have more change in value than a pixel quantized with a smaller QP.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein a first weighting value WT1 and a second weighting value WT2 are used for adjusting the filtered pixels and are obtained from a first quantization parameter QP1 of a first adjacent block and a second quantization parameter QP2 of a second adjacent block as follows:
WT1=QP1QP1+QP2, WT2=QP2QP1+QP2
15. The method of claim 8, wherein if the quantization parameters (QPs) of the adjacent blocks are the same, symmetric second and third filters are used to filter the pixels around the block boundary for smooth and dormant region modes, respectively; and
if the QPs of the adjacent blocks are not the same, asymmetric second and third filters are used to filter the pixels around the block boundary for smooth and dormant region modes, respectively.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
when the region mode is smooth region and the QPs of the adjacent blocks are the same, filtering the pixels around the block boundary with an N-tap symmetric second filter;
when the region mode is smooth region and the QPs of the adjacent blocks are not the same, filtering the pixels around the block boundary with an M-tap asymmetric second filter;
when the region mode is dormant region and the QPs of the adjacent blocks are the same, filtering the pixels around the block boundary with a K-tap symmetric third filter; and
when the region mode is dormant region and the QPs of the adjacent blocks are not the same, filtering the pixels around the block boundary with an L-tap asymmetric third filter.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein:
N=5 and the symmetric second filter is 1 3 8 3 116;
M=5 and the asymmetric second filter is 1 2 8 3 216 and 2 3 8 2 116;
K=5 and the symmetric third filter is 1 2 2 2 18; and
L=5 and the asymmetric third filter is 1 1 2 2 28 and 2 2 2 1 18.
18. The method of claim 9, wherein filtering the pixels around the block boundary comprises first filtering the pixels at the block boundary and next filtering pixels not adjacent to the pixels at the block boundary.
19. The method of claim 1, further comprising if the video stream comprises interlaced video, performing an interpolation operation to estimate pixel values in an interlaced field before filtering the pixels around the block boundary.
20. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a filtering range according to block coding types of the adjacent blocks in the video stream; wherein the filtering range specifies a number of pixels to filter around the block boundary.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein according to the block coding types of the adjacent blocks in the video stream, determining the filtering range to be up to eight pixels around the block boundary.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein determining a filtering range according to the block coding types of the adjacent blocks in the video stream further comprises:
if at least one of the adjacent blocks is an intra-coded block, determining the filtering range to be up to four pixels around the block boundary; and
if none of the adjacent blocks are intra-coded blocks, determining the filtering range to be up to eight pixels around the block boundary.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the video stream is an MPEG video stream.