1. A process comprising:
obtaining a composition of particles comprising fluorine containing particles and aerogel particles; mixing the composition at a resonant frequency of a mixing system containing the composition;
powder coating the composition onto a substrate; and
curing the composition to form a release layer on the substrate.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fluorine containing particles comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting polytetrafluoroethylene; perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin; copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene; copolymers of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride; terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and hexafluoropropylene; and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and hexafluoropropylene.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fluorine containing particles comprises a particle size of from about 5 microns to about 50 microns.
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises positive tribocharging particles.
5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the positive tribocharging particles comprise a material selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconia and germania.
6. The process according to claim 4, wherein an amount of positive tribocharging particles is from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the total solids in the composition.
7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the resonant frequency is from about 15 Hertz to about 2000 Hertz.
8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the curing comprises heating the composition to a temperature of from about 255\xb0 C. to about 400\xb0 C.
9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aerogel particles comprise from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of the composition.
10. A process comprising:
obtaining a composition of particles comprising fluorine containing particles, aerogel particles and positive tribocharging particles;
mixing the composition at a resonant frequency of a mixing system containing the composition;
powder coating the composition onto a substrate; and
curing the composition to form a release layer on the substrate.
11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the aerogel particles comprise from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of the composition, the positive tribocharging particles comprise from 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the composition and the fluorine containing particles comprise from about 70 weight percent to about 99 weight percent of the composition.
12. The process according to claim 10, wherein the fluorine containing particles comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting polytetrafluoroethylene; perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin; copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene; copolymers of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride; terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and hexafluoropropylene; and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and a cure site monomer.
13. The process according to claim 10, wherein the curing comprises heating the composition to a temperature of from about 255\xb0 C. to about 400\xb0 C.
14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the positive tribocharging particles comprise a material selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconia and germania.
15. The process according to claim 10, wherein the positive tribocharging particles comprise a particles size of from about 5 nm to about 1 \u03bcm.
16. The process according to claim 10, wherein the positive tribocharging particles comprise fumed alumina particles having a surface area of from about 30 m2g to about 400 m2g.
17. The process according to claim 10, wherein the resonant frequency is from about 15 Hertz to about 2000 Hertz.
18. The process according to claim 10, wherein the mixing comprises accelerating the composition at a G force of from about 1 to about 100.
19. A process comprising:
obtaining a composition of particles comprising perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin particles, aerogel particles and positive charged fumed alumina articles; and
mixing the composition at a resonant frequency of a mixing system containing the composition.
20. The process according to claim 19, further comprising:
powder coating the composition onto a substrate; and
curing the composition to form a release layer on the substrate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for detecting leakage current in a DC distribution system of a TN grounding manner, the apparatus comprising:
a leakage current detecting unit configured to detect a current flow between a DC power unit and a load to detect whether the leakage current is generated and a level of the leakage current; and
a leakage current determining unit configured to determine that the cause of the leakage current is either an electric shock to a human or a facility ground fault according to a rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected in the leakage current detecting unit.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the leakage current detecting unit detects a level of the leakage current corresponding to a difference between current flowing in a first conducting line through which current flows from the DC power unit to the load and current flowing in a second conducting line through which current flows from the load to a ground.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the leakage current detecting unit comprises a hall effect sensor current transformer (HCT) disposed to surround a conducting line part comprising the first and second conducting lines to detect a level of a magnetic field corresponding to the sum of level of the magnetic field generated by the current that flows through the first conducting line and level of the magnetic field generated by the current, which flows in a direction opposite to that of the current flowing through the first conducting line, through the second conducting line, thereby outputting a voltage value corresponding to the level of the leakage current.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the leakage current determining unit detects the rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected by the leakage current detecting unit to determine the cause of the leakage current.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the leakage current determining unit determines the cause of the leakage current as the electric shock to the human when the rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected by the leakage current detecting unit until the level of the leakage current increases from a time at which the leakage current is generated to a predetermined first level is less than a predetermined reference rate of change.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the leakage current determining unit outputs a trip signal for tripping power provided from the DC power unit immediately after determining the cause of the leakage current as the electric shock to the human.
7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the leakage current determining unit determines the cause of the leakage current as the facility ground fault when the rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected by the leakage current detecting unit until the level of the leakage current increases from a time at which the leakage current is generated to a predetermined first level is higher than a predetermined reference rate of change.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein, if the cause of the leakage current is determined as the facility ground fault, the leakage current determining unit outputs a trip signal for tripping power provided from the DC power unit when the level of the leakage current detected by the leakage current detecting unit increases to a predetermined second level that is higher than the first level.
9. A method for detecting leakage current in DC distribution system of a TN grounding manner, the method comprising:
a leakage current detecting process for detecting a current flow between a DC power unit and a load to detect whether the leakage current is generated and a level of the leakage current; and
a leakage current determining process for determining that the cause of the leakage current is either an electric shock to a human or a facility ground fault according to a rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected in the leakage current detecting process.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the leakage current detecting process comprises detecting a level of the leakage current corresponding to a difference between current flowing through a first conducting line through which current flows from the DC power unit to the load and current flowing through a second conducting line through which current flows from the load to a ground.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the leakage current detecting process comprises detecting leakage current by using an HCT disposed to surround a conducting line part comprising the first and second conducting lines to detect a level of a magnetic field corresponding to the sum of level of the magnetic field generated by the current that flows through the first conducting line and level of the magnetic field generated by the current, which flows in a direction opposite to that of the current flowing through the first conducting line, through the second conducting line, thereby outputting a voltage value corresponding to the level of the leakage current.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the leakage current determining process comprises detecting a rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected in the leakage current detecting process to determine the cause of the leakage current.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the leakage current determining process comprises determining the cause of the leakage current as the electric shock to the human when the rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected in the leakage current detecting process until the level of the leakage current increases from a time at which the leakage current is generated to a predetermined first level is less than a predetermined reference rate of change.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the leakage current determining process comprises outputting a trip signal for tripping power provided from the DC power unit immediately after determining the cause of the leakage current as the electric shock to the human.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the leakage current determining process comprises determining the cause of the leakage current as the facility ground fault when the rate of hourly change in the level of the leakage current detected in the leakage current detecting process until the level of the leakage current increases from a time at which the leakage current is generated to a predetermined first level is higher than a predetermined reference rate of change.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein, if the cause of the leakage current is determined as the facility ground fault, the leakage current determining process comprises outputting a trip signal for tripping power provided from the DC power unit when the level of the leakage current detected in the leakage current detecting process increases to a predetermined second level that is higher than the first level.