What is claimed is:
1. A lens array comprising a plurality of condenser lenses arrayed in vertical and horizontal directions so that the condenser lenses and pixels arrayed in a two-dimensional plane have one-to-one correspondence, wherein:
each of the condenser lenses, when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the two-dimensional plane in which the condenser lenses are arrayed, has a planar shape formed with four straight sides and four approximate circular arcs extending between the straight sides, respectively, and a center of the four approximate circular arcs substantially coincides with a center of one of regions corresponding to the pixels.
2. The lens array according to claim 1, wherein:
each of the regions corresponding to the pixels is rectangular in shape; and
a diameter of the approximate circular arcs is shorter than a diagonal of the region while being longer than a short side of the region.
3. The lens array according to claim 1, wherein:
each of the regions corresponding to the pixels is rectangular in shape; and
each of the condenser lenses has a substantially equal curvature in diagonal and side directions in the region.
4. The lens array according to claim 1, wherein:
each of the regions corresponding to the pixels is rectangular in shape; and
a radius of curvature R of each of the condenser lenses satisfies:
X2R({fraction (12)})(X2Y2)(1)
where X and Y represent a length of a short side and a length of a long side of one of the regions, respectively, one of the short and long sides being in the vertical or horizontal direction while the other being in the other direction.
5. A lens array comprising a plurality of condenser lenses arrayed in vertical and horizontal directions so that the condenser lenses and pixels arrayed in a two-dimensional plane have one-to-one correspondence, wherein:
regions corresponding to the pixels, respectively, are rectangular in shape, and a short side of one of the regions is not longer than {fraction (12)} of a long side of the same; and
each of the condenser lenses, when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the two-dimensional plane in which the condenser lenses are arrayed, has a planar shape formed with two straight sides opposing each other substantially in parallel and two approximate circular arcs extending between the straight sides, and a center of the two approximate circular arcs substantially coincides with a center of the one of the regions.
6. The lens array according to claim 1 or 5, wherein side surfaces of each of the condenser lenses that include the straight sides of the planar shape of each of the condenser lenses, respectively, are not perpendicular to the two-dimensional plane in which condenser lenses are arrayed.
7. The lens array according to claim 1 or 5, wherein the regions corresponding to the pixels are rectangular in shape, and a short side of each of the regions is not more than 5 m long.
8. The lens arrays according to claim 1 or 5, wherein the regions corresponding to the pixels are rectangular in shape, and a short side of each of the regions is not more than 3.5 m long.
9. The lens array according to claim 1 or 5, wherein each of the condenser lenses is not more than 2 m high.
10. The lens array according to claim 1 or 5, wherein each of the condenser lenses is not more than 1 m high.
11. The lens array according to claim 1 or 5, wherein each of the condenser lenses is formed in a binary shape obtained by approximation of its shape to a step-like shape.
12. A solid-state imaging element comprising light receiving sections arrayed in a two-dimensional plane and a lens array according to claim 1 or 5 that is laminated on the light receiving sections, wherein the condenser lenses of the lens array and the light receiving sections have one-to-one correspondence.
13. The solid-state imaging element according to claim 12, wherein a focal length of each of the condenser lenses is substantially equal to a distance therefrom to one of the light receiving sections corresponding thereto.
14. A panel display element having pixels arrayed in a two-dimensional plane and a lens array according to claim 1 or 5 that is laminated on the pixels, wherein the condenser lenses of the lens array and the pixels have one-to-one correspondence.
15. The panel display element according to claim 14, wherein a focal length of each of the condenser lenses is substantially equal to a distance therefrom to one of the pixels corresponding thereto.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A MEMs device comprising:
a MEMs oscillator;
a catalyzing adsorption site supported by the oscillator, such that the sites provide control of chemical surface functionality for the detection of desired analytes.
2. The MEMs device of claim 1 wherein the catalyzing adsorption site comprises a gold anchor.
3. The MEMs device of claim 2 wherein the catalyzing adsorption site comprises provide control of chemical surface functionality for detection of desired analytes.
4. The MEMs device of claim 2 wherein the catalyzing adsorption site further comprises thiolate molecules coupled to the gold anchor.
5. The MEMs device of claim 1 wherein the catalyzing adsorption site comprises a self assembled monolayer.
6. The MEMs device of claim 5 wherein the monolayer comprises a supermolecular hierarchical organization of interlocking components.
7. The MEMs device of claim 6 wherein the monolayer comprises tail group functionalities selected from the group consisting of CH3, OH, COOH, CH\u2550\u2550CH2, C\u2261CH, and CF3.
8. The MEMs device of claim 6 wherein the monolayer is a circular area approximately between 50 and 400 nm in diameter.
9. The MEMs device of claim 1 wherein the oscillator comprises a nanomechanical cantilever beam.
10. The MEMs device of claim 1 wherein the oscillator comprises a dual clamped nanomechanical beam.
11. The MEMs device of claim 1 wherein the oscillator comprises a nanomechanical beam having a paddle shaped portion supporting the catalyzing adsorption site.
12. A device comprising:
a vibrating beam supported by a substrate;
a catalyzing adsorption site supported by the oscillator and positioned on the oscillator to maintain a proper spring constant of the vibrating beam for sensitive mass detection.
13. The device of claim 12 and further comprising a thiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coupled to the adsoption site.
14. The device of claim 12 wherein the frequency of vibration measurably varies in response to attogram masses attached to the SAM.
15. The device of claim 12 wherein the beam is a cantilevered beam having a pad positioned proximate a free end of the cantilevered beam.
16. The device of claim 15 wherein the catalyzing adsorption site is positioned on the pad.
17. The device of claim 12 wherein the beam has a length of less than approximately 20 um.
18. The device of claim 12 wherein the beam is a double clamped beam having a pad positioned approximately halfway between the clamped ends.
19. The device of claim 16 wherein the catalyzing adsorption site is positioned on the pad.
20. A device comprising:
a microelectromechanical polycrystalline silicon beam resonator having a free end with a paddle and a clamped end supported by a substrate;
a catalyzing adsorption site supported by the paddle.
21. The device of claim 20 wherein the paddle is approximately 1 \u03bcm by 1 \u03bcm with a gold pad formed thereon.