1. A flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand having a surface area of less than 10 m2g and a crush value of at least 1 mmg.
2. The flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand of claim 1, wherein the surface area is less than 8 m2g.
3. The flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand of claim 1, wherein the surface area is less than 5 m2g.
4. The flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand of claim 1, wherein the crush value is at least 1.5 mmg.
5. A nonwoven sheet comprising substantially continuous, flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strands, the strands having surface areas of less than 10 m2g and crush values of at least 1 mmg.
6. The nonwoven sheet of claim 5 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 2 cfmft2.
7. The nonwoven sheet of claim 5 having a Gurley Hill Porosity of less than 6 seconds.
8. The nonwoven sheet of claim 6 having a hydrostatic head of at least 30 cm.
9. The nonwoven sheet of claim 6 having a hydrostatic head of at least 75 cm.
10. The nonwoven sheet of claim 6 having a hydrostatic head of at least 100 cm.
11. The nonwoven sheet of claim 6 having a hydrostatic head of at least 130 cm.
12. The nonwoven sheet of claim 5 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 4 cfmft2.
13. The nonwoven sheet of claim 5 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 10 cfmft2.
14. The nonwoven sheet of claim 5 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 20 cfmft2.
15. The nonwoven sheet of claim 5 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 25 cfmft2.
16. The nonwoven sheet of claim 5, wherein the sheet has a whole surface bonded portion of a first side of the sheet and a point bonded portion on the second side of the sheet, the point bonded portion of the sheet comprising at least 50% by weight of the nonwoven sheet.
17. The nonwoven sheet of claim 16, wherein the point bonded portion of the sheet comprises at least 60% by weight of the nonwoven sheet.
18. The nonwoven sheet of claim 17, wherein the point bonded portion to the sheet is bonded with a ribbed bonding pattern and the whole surface bonded portion of the sheet is bonded with a linen pattern.
19. A nonwoven sheet comprising substantially continuous, flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strands and having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 2 cfmft2.
20. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 4 cfmft2.
21. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 10 cfmft2.
22. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 20 cfmft2.
23. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 25 cfmft2.
24. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a hydrostatic head of at least 30 cm.
25. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a hydrostatic head of at least 85 cm.
26. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a hydrostatic head of at least 130 cm.
27. The nonwoven sheet of claim 19 having a Gurley Hill Porosity of less than 6 seconds.
28. A garment comprised of the nonwoven sheet of claim 5 or 19.
29. A flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand having a surface area of less than 10 m2g.
30. The flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand of claim 29, wherein the surface area is less than 8 m2g.
31. The flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand of claim 29, wherein the surface area is less than 5 m2g.
32. A nonwoven sheet comprising substantially continuous, flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strands, the strands having surface areas of less than 10 m2g.
33. The nonwoven sheet of claim 32 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 2 cfmft2.
34. The nonwoven sheet of claim 32 having a Gurley Hill Porosity of less than 6 seconds.
35. The nonwoven sheet of claim 33 having a hydrostatic head of at least 30 cm.
36. The nonwoven sheet of claim 33 having a hydrostatic head of at least 75 cm.
37. The nonwoven sheet of claim 33 having a hydrostatic head of at least 100 cm.
38. The nonwoven sheet of claim 33 having a hydrostatic head of at least 130 cm.
39. The nonwoven sheet of claim 32 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 4 cfmft2.
40. The nonwoven sheet of claim 32 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 10 cfmft2.
41. The nonwoven sheet of claim 32 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 20 cfmft2.
42. The nonwoven sheet of claim 32 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 25 cfmft2.
43. The nonwoven sheet of claim 32, wherein the sheet has a whole surface bonded portion of a first side of the sheet and a point bonded portion on the second side of the sheet, the point bonded portion of the sheet comprising at least 50% by weight of the nonwoven sheet.
44. The nonwoven sheet of claim 43, wherein the point bonded portion of the sheet comprises at least 60% by weight of the nonwoven sheet.
45. The nonwoven sheet of claim 44, wherein the point bonded portion to the sheet is bonded with a ribbed bonding pattern and the whole surface bonded portion of the sheet is bonded with a linen pattern.
46. A garment comprised of the nonwoven sheet of claim 32.
47. A flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand having a crush value of at least 1 mmg.
48. The flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strand of claim 47, wherein the crush value is at least 1.5 mmg.
49. A nonwoven sheet comprising substantially continuous, flash-spun plexifilamentary fiber strands, the strands having crush value of at least 1 mmg.
50. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49, the strands having crush value of at least 1.5 mmg.
51. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 2 cfmft2.
52. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49 having a Gurley Hill Porosity of less than 6 seconds.
53. The nonwoven sheet of claim 51 having a hydrostatic head of at least 30 cm.
54. The nonwoven sheet of claim 51 having a hydrostatic head of at least 75 cm.
55. The nonwoven sheet of claim 51 having a hydrostatic head of at least 100 cm.
56. The nonwoven sheet of claim 51 having a hydrostatic head of at least 130 cm.
57. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 4 cfmft2.
58. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 10 cfmft2.
59. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 20 cfmft2.
60. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49 having a Frazier Permeability, normalized to 1.0 ozyd2 basis weight, of at least 25 cfmft2.
61. The nonwoven sheet of claim 49, wherein the sheet has a whole surface bonded portion of a first side of the sheet and a point bonded portion on the second side of the sheet, the point bonded portion of the sheet comprising at least 50% by weight of the nonwoven sheet.
62. The nonwoven sheet of claim 61, wherein the point bonded portion of the sheet comprises at least 60% by weight of the nonwoven sheet.
63. The nonwoven sheet of claim 62, wherein the point bonded portion to the sheet is bonded with a ribbed bonding pattern and the whole surface bonded portion of the sheet is bonded with a linen pattern.
64. A garment comprised of the nonwoven sheet of claim 47.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An electrical nonlinear pulse oscillator, comprising:
a nonlinear transmission line; and
a nonlinear amplifier having an input to accept a first signal and an output to provide a second signal, the nonlinear amplifier coupled to the nonlinear transmission line in a closed loop arrangement,
wherein the oscillator is configured to propagate along the nonlinear transmission line at least one nonlinear pulse having a target amplitude,
and wherein the nonlinear amplifier automatically amplifies or attenuates the first signal based at least in part on an average voltage of the first signal andor the second signal.
2. The oscillator of claim 1, wherein the at least one nonlinear pulse significantly resembles a soliton waveform.
3. The oscillator of claim 1, wherein the at least one nonlinear pulse includes a cnoidal wave.
4. The oscillator of claim 1, wherein the nonlinear amplifier includes at least one high pass filter.
5. The oscillator of claim 4, wherein the at least one high pass filter is configured so as to facilitate propagation along the nonlinear transmission line of only nonlinear pulses having essentially the target amplitude.
6. The oscillator of claim 4, wherein a cutoff frequency of the at least one high pass filter is selected so as to significantly impede soliton collisions along the nonlinear transmission line.
7. The oscillator of claim 4, wherein the nonlinear amplifier is configured to be spectrum preserving for nonlinear pulses having an essentially soliton waveform.
8. The oscillator of claim 4, wherein the nonlinear amplifier is configured to have an automatically adjustable nonlinear gain.
9. The oscillator of claim 8, wherein the nonlinear amplifier is configured to have a first gain greater than unity when the at least one nonlinear pulse has an amplitude less than the target amplitude and a second gain less than unity when the at least one nonlinear pulse has an amplitude greater than the target amplitude.
10. The oscillator of claim 9, wherein the nonlinear amplifier is configured to be spectrum preserving for nonlinear pulses having an essentially soliton waveform.
11. The oscillator of claim 4, wherein the nonlinear amplifier is configured to implement an adaptive bias control technique.
12. The oscillator of claim 11, wherein the nonlinear amplifier is configured to have at least one automatically adjustable bias point.
13. The oscillator of claim 4, wherein the nonlinear amplifier is configured to facilitate single mode operation of the oscillator.
14. The oscillator of claim 4, wherein the nonlinear amplifier comprises a first stage and a second stage.
15. The oscillator of claim 14, wherein the nonlinear amplifier includes complimentary NMOS and PMOS components.
16. The oscillator of claim 14, wherein the first stage includes a first high pass filter and the second stage includes a second high pass filter.
17. The oscillator of claim 14, wherein each of the first stage and the second stage includes feedback circuitry to facilitate an automatic adjustment of a bias voltage for the stage.
18. The oscillator of claim 17, wherein the feedback circuitry includes a low pass filter.
19. A method for generating periodic electrical nonlinear pulses, comprising acts of:
A) amplifying or attenuating a first signal in a nonlinear manner to provide a second signal;
B) applying the second signal to a nonlinear transmission line for propagation along the nonlinear transmission line to generate a third signal;
C) repeating the acts A) and B) using the third signal as the first signal; and
D) repeating the acts A), B) and C) such that the third signal develops the periodic nonlinear pulses having a target amplitude,
wherein the act A) includes an act of automatically amplifying or attenuating the first signal based at least in part on an average voltage of the first signal andor the second signal.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the act A) includes an act of conditioning the first signal such that the periodic nonlinear pulses significantly resemble soliton waveforms.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the act A) includes an act of high pass filtering the first signal to provide the second signal.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the act of high pass flltering includes an act of high pass filtering to facilitate propagation along the nonlinear transmission line of only nonlinear pulses having essentially the target amplitude.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the act of high pass filtering includes an act of attenuating frequencies below a selected cutoff frequency so as to significantly impede soliton collisions along the nonlinear transmission line.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein the act of high pass filtering includes an act of preserving a spectrum of nonlinear pulses having an essentially soliton waveform.
25. The method of claim 19, wherein the act A) includes acts of amplifying the first signal when the first signal andor the second signal has an average voltage less than a value representing the target amplitude, and attenuating the first signal when the first signal andor the second signal has an average voltage greater than the value representing the target amplitude.
26. A nonlinear amplifier for generating periodic electrical nonlinear pulses having an essentially soliton waveform, the amplifier comprising:
a first stage to receive an amplifier input signal and provide a first stage output signal, the first stage including at least one first semiconductor amplifying component and first feedback circuitry to facilitate a variable adjustment of a first bias voltage associated with the at least one first semiconductor amplifying component, wherein the first bias voltage is adjusted based at least in part on an average voltage of the first stage output signal; and
a second stage to receive the first stage output signal and provide an amplifier output signal, the second stage including at least one second semiconductor amplifying component and second feedback circuitry to facilitate a variable adjustment of a second bias voltage associated with the at least one second semiconductor amplifying component, wherein the second bias voltage is adjusted based at least in part on an average voltage of the amplifier output signal.
27. The amplifier of claim 26, wherein the first stage and the second stage are configured to be spectrum preserving for the nonlinear pulses having the essentially soliton waveform.
28. The amplifier of claim 26, wherein the first feedback circuitry and the second feedback circuitry are configured such that the amplifier has an automatically adjustable nonlinear gain.
29. The amplifier of claim 28, wherein the first feedback circuitry includes at least one first low pass filter and wherein the second feedback circuitry includes at least one second low pass filter to facilitate a gradual adjustment of the automatically adjustable nonlinear gain.
30. The amplifier of claim 26, wherein the at least one first semiconductor amplifying component and the at least one second semiconductor amplifying component are complementary components.
31. The amplifier of claim 30, wherein the at least one first semiconductor amplifying component includes at least one NMOS component, and wherein the at least one second semiconductor amplifying component includes at least one PMOS component.
32. The amplifier of claim 26, wherein the first stage includes a first high pass filter and the second stage includes a second high pass filter.
33. The amplifier of claim 32, wherein at least one of the first high pass filter and the second high pass filter is configured so as to facilitate propagation of only nonlinear pulses having a target amplitude.
34. The amplifier of claim 33, wherein a cutoff frequency of at least one of the first high pass filter and the second high pass filter is selected so as to significantly impede soliton collisions.
35. The amplifier of claim 33, wherein the first stage and the second stage are configured to be spectrum preserving for the nonlinear pulses having the essentially soliton waveform.