1. A fuel composition comprising or obtainable from a mixture comprising:
(a) a C5 isoprenoid compound of formula (Ib) or (Ic):
\u2003wherein Z is O\u2014R, O\u2014C(\u2550O)R, O\u2014PO(OR)2, O\u2014SO2\u2014OR, PO(OR)2 or SO2\u2014OR; and R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl; and
(b) a fuel additive.
2. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the C5 isoprenoid compound is from about 1% to about 95% by weight or volume, based on the total weight or volume of the fuel composition.
3. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein Z of formula (Ib) or (Ic) is OH.
4. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the C5 isoprenoid compound is according to formula (Ib).
5. The fuel composition of claim 4, wherein Z is OH.
6. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the C5 isoprenoid compound is according to formula (Ib).
7. The fuel composition of claim 6, wherein Z is OH.
8. The fuel composition of claim 3, wherein the fuel composition is substantially free of a second alcohol, wherein the second alcohol is not 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol or a combination thereof.
9. The fuel composition of claim 8, wherein the second alcohol is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, sec-pentanol, tert-pentanol, n-hexanol, iso-hexanol, sec-hexanol, tert-hexanol, heptanols, octanols, nonanols, decanols or a combination thereof.
10. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the fuel composition is substantially free of an aromatic compound.
11. The fuel composition of claim 1 further comprising a petroleum-based fuel in an amount from about 1% to about 95% by weight or volume, based on the total weight or volume of the fuel composition.
12. The fuel composition of claim 11, wherein the petroleum-based fuel is gasoline.
13. The fuel composition of claim 12 wherein the C5 isoprenoid compound is according to formula (Ib) and Z is OH and the C5 isoprenoid compound is present in an amount from about 1% to about 12.5% by volume, based on the total volume of the fuel composition.
14. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the fuel additive is selected from the group consisting of oxygenates, antioxidants, thermal stability improvers, cetane improvers, stabilizers, cold flow improvers, combustion improvers, anti-foams, anti-haze additives, corrosion inhibitors, lubricity improvers, icing inhibitors, injector cleanliness additives, smoke suppressants, drag reducing additives, metal deactivators, dispersants, detergents, demulsifiers, dyes, markers, static dissipaters, biocides and combinations thereof.
15. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the fuel additive is from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight or volume, based on the total weight or volume of the fuel composition.
16. A fuel composition made by a method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a cell capable of making a C5 isoprenoid compound of formula (Ib) or (Ic):
\u2003wherein Z is OH with a simple sugar under conditions suitable for making the C5 isoprenoid compound; and
(b) mixing the C5 isoprenoid compound with one or more fuel components or fuel additives to make the fuel composition.
17. A fuel composition comprising a fuel component and a bioengineered C5 isoprenoid compound.
18. A fuel composition produced by preparing 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol from a mixture comprising a microorganism, and incorporating the 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol in a fuel.
19. The fuel composition of claim 18, wherein the mixture further comprises a simple sugar.
20. The fuel composition of claim 19, wherein the simple sugar is glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose or a combination thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An integrated circuit comprising:
a first inductor circuit;
a second inductor circuit; and
a shield element interposed the first and second inductor circuit.
2. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the first and second inductor circuits and the shield element are in a common metal layer of said integrated circuit.
3. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein said shield element is a grounded conductor.
4. An integrated circuit including a symmetric-asymmetric transformer comprising:
an inductive primary circuit;
an inductive secondary circuit; and
reducing means for reducing the capacitive coupling between the primary circuit and the secondary circuit.
5. The integrated circuit according to claim 4, in which the reducing means comprises cold node coupling capacitors that are created between the inductive primary and inductive secondary circuits.
6. The integrated circuit according to claim 4, in which the reducing means comprises an electrically conducting shield connected to earth and extending at least between the inductive primary circuit and the inductive secondary circuit.
7. The integrated circuit according to claim 6, in which the shield comprises at least one metallic layer.
8. The integrated circuit according to claim 6, in which the shield is openwork so as to form distinct shielding zones.
9. The integrated circuit according to claim 6, in which the shield furthermore extends along at least one of the inductive primary and inductive secondary circuits.
10. The integrated circuit according to claim 4, wherein the inductive primary circuit and the inductive secondary circuit are coplanar.
11. The integrated circuit according to claim 4, wherein the inductive primary circuit and the inductive secondary circuit are stacked.
12. The integrated circuit according to claim 6, wherein the shield extends over a height corresponding to a plurality of metallization levels of the integrated circuit.
13. The integrated circuit according to claim 4, further comprising power amplification means connected to said symmetric-asymmetric transformer.
14. The integrated circuit according to claim 13, in which the power amplification means is connected between two symmetric-asymmetric transformers.
15. The integrated circuit according to claim 4, further comprising auxiliary capacitors connected in parallel with each respective symmetric-asymmetric transformer.
16. A method comprising:
inducing in a first secondary winding a current as a result of inductive coupling of said first secondary winding with a first primary winding;
wherein a shield element interposed between said first primary winding and said first secondary winding reduces capacitive coupling between said first primary winding and said first secondary winding relative to an identical structure without the shield element.
17. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
inducing in a second secondary winding a second current as a result of inductive coupling of said second secondary winding with a second primary winding.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein a second shield element interposed between said second primary winding and said secondary winding reduces capacitive coupling between said second primary winding and said second secondary winding relative to an identical structure without the second shield element.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
receiving a signal from said first secondary winding; and
amplifying said signal.
20. The method of claim 19 further comprising:
receiving at said second primary winding said amplified signal.