1. A paper product, comprising:
a plurality of pulp fibers and an at least partially cured resin system, wherein the resin system, prior to curing, comprises a first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and a second resin comprising a second polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin, a urea-formaldehyde resin, or a mixture thereof, and wherein the resin system, prior to curing, comprises greater than 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of the second resin, based on a combined solids weight of the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and the second resin.
2. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the second resin comprises the urea-formaldehyde resin.
3. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the second resin comprises the mixture of the second polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and the urea-formaldehyde resin.
4. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the paper product is a paperboard, a tissue, a towel, or a liquid packaging, and wherein the at least partially cured resin system has a repulpability of 98% or more.
5. The paper product of claim 1, wherein a synthesis of the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin comprises reacting a polyamine with a functionally-symmetric cross-linker, and wherein the functionally-symmetric cross-linker comprises a di-acrylate compound, a bis(acrylamide) compound, a di-epoxide compound, a polyazetidinium compound, N,N\u2032-methylene-bis-methacrylamide, a poly(alkylene glycol)diglycidyl ether, or any mixture thereof.
6. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has a charge density of about 2.5 mEqg of solids to about 3.2 mEqg of solids, and wherein the resin system, prior to curing, comprises about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of the second resin, based on the combined solids weight of the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and the second resin.
7. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has a pH of about 2 to about 4.5, a charge density of about 2 mEqg of solids to about 4 mEqg of solids, and a ratio of azetidinium moieties to amide residues of about 0.6 to about 1.
8. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the paper product comprises about 5 lbs to about 10 lbs of the at least partially cured resin system per ton of the plurality of pulp fibers.
9. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin is made by reacting a polyamine with a functionally-symmetric cross-linker to produce a partially cross-linked polyamine, reacting an epihalohydrin with the partially cross-linked polyamine to produce a halohydrin-functionalized polymer, and cyclizing the halohydrin-functionalized polymer to produce the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has azetidium moieties, and wherein the functionally-symmetric cross-linker comprises a di-acrylate compound, a bis(acrylamide) compound, N,N\u2032-methylene-bis-methacrylamide, a di-epoxide compound, a polyazetidinium compound, or any mixture thereof.
10. The paper product of claim 1, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin is made by reacting a polyamine with a functionally-symmetric cross-linker to produce a partially cross-linked polyamine, reacting an epihalohydrin with the partially cross-linked polyamine to produce a halohydrin-functionalized polymer, and cyclizing the halohydrin-functionalized polymer to produce the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has azetidium moieties, and wherein the functionally-symmetric cross-linker comprises a di-acrylate compound, a bis(acrylamide) compound, a di-epoxide compound, a polyazetidinium compound, N,N\u2032-methylene-bis-methacrylamide, a poly(alkylene glycol)diglycidyl ether, or any mixture thereof.
11. A paper product, comprising:
a plurality of pulp fibers and an at least partially cured resin system, wherein the resin system, prior to curing, comprises a polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and a urea-formaldehyde resin, wherein the polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has a charge density of about 2 mEqg of solids to about 4 mEqg of solids, and wherein the resin system, prior to curing, comprises greater than 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of the urea-formaldehyde resin, based on a combined solids weight of the polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and the urea-formaldehyde resin.
12. The paper product of claim 11, wherein the paper product comprises about 5 lbs to about 10 lbs of the at least partially cured resin system per ton of the plurality of pulp fibers.
13. The paper product of claim 11, wherein the paper product is a paperboard, a tissue, a towel, or a liquid packaging, and wherein the at least partially cured resin system has a repulpability of 98% or more.
14. The paper product of claim 11, wherein the polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has a pH of about 2 to about 4.5, a charge density of about 2.5 mEqg of solids to about 3.2 mEqg of solids, and a ratio of azetidinium moieties to amide residues of about 0.6 to about 1, and wherein the resin system, prior to curing, comprises about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of the urea-formaldehyde resin, based on the combined solids weight of the polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and the urea-formaldehyde resin.
15. The paper product of claim 11, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin is made by reacting a polyamine with a functionally-symmetric cross-linker to produce a partially cross-linked polyamine, reacting an epihalohydrin with the partially cross-linked polyamine to produce a halohydrin-functionalized polymer, and cyclizing the halohydrin-functionalized polymer to produce the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has azetidium moieties, and wherein the functionally-symmetric cross-linker comprises a di-acrylate compound, a bis(acrylamide) compound, a di-epoxide compound, a polyazetidinium compound, N,N\u2032-methylene-bis-methacrylamide, a poly(alkylene glycol)diglycidyl ether, or any mixture thereof.
16. A composition comprising:
a plurality of pulp fibers; and
a resin system comprising a first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and a second resin comprising a second polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin, a urea-formaldehyde resin, or a mixture thereof, wherein the resin system comprises greater than 30 wt % to about 80 wt % of the second resin, based on a combined solids weight of the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and the second resin.
17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the composition comprises about 5 lbs to about 10 lbs of the resin system per ton of the plurality of pulp fibers.
18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has a pH of about 2 to about 4.5, a charge density of about 2.5 mEqg of solids to about 3.2 mEqg of solids, and a ratio of azetidinium moieties to amide residues of about 0.6 to about 1, and wherein the resin system comprises about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of the second resin, based on the combined solids weight of the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin and the second resin.
19. The composition of claim 16, wherein the second resin comprises the urea-formaldehyde resin.
20. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin is made by reacting a polyamine with a functionally-symmetric cross-linker to produce a partially cross-linked polyamine, reacting an epihalohydrin with the partially cross-linked polyamine to produce a halohydrin-functionalized polymer, and cyclizing the halohydrin-functionalized polymer to produce the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin, wherein the first polyamidoamine-epihalohydrin resin has azetidium moieties, and wherein the functionally-symmetric cross-linker comprises a di-acrylate compound, a bis(acrylamide) compound, a di-epoxide compound, a polyazetidinium compound, N,N\u2032-methylene-bis-methacrylamide, a poly(alkylene glycol)diglycidyl ether, or any mixture thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A batch process for treating wastewater in a wastewater treatment system employing anaerobic and aerobic zone reaction vessels under elevated pressure comprising steps of:
(a) introducing an amount of processed activated sludge material from a source of stored activated sludge into an anaerobic zone of a wastewater treatment system;
(b) introducing a batch of wastewater to be processed from an inlet supply charge system into the wastewater treatment system including into one or more aerobic zones to provide a charged system;
(c) closing the inlet supply and pressurizing the charged system by introducing ambient air at high pressure and continuously infusing air and circulating material being treated among anaerobic and aerobic zones as a multiphase bubble flow, and venting an amount of circulated air of reduced oxygen content through a vapor release system thereby controlling system pressure and wherein said material being treated is circulated through said one or more aerobic zones and periodically further circulated through one or more anaerobic zones;
(d) after said material being treated is processed reducing pressure throughout said water treatment system, over a timed interval through said vapor release system; and
(e) discharging said batch of wastewater as a treated batch to an effluent storage system for separation of treated water and sludge.
2. A batch process as in claim 1 wherein the volume of aerobic zones is from 3\u201310 times the volume of anaerobic zones.
3. A batch process as in claim 1 wherein said aerobic zones effectively operate as continuous stirred tank reactors having plug flow circulation.
4. A batch process as in claim 3 wherein the wastewater treatment system includes a plurality of aerobic zones.
5. A batch process as in claim 3 wherein said material being treated resides in an anaerobic zone for about 10 minutes per hour of processing.
6. A batch process as in claim 1 wherein said material being treated resides in an anaerobic zone for about 10 minutes per hour of processing.
7. A batch process as in claim 1 wherein step (c) is carried on from 3\u20136 hours.
8. A batch process as in claim 1 wherein the activated sludge supplied to the anaerobic zone is of an age to sustain nitrobacteria and nitrosomonas to convert unincorporated ammonia into nitrite.
9. A batch process as in claim 8 wherein said system further converts an amount of said nitrite product into nitrates and thereafter strips N2 therefrom which is removed from said system by vapor discharge.
10. A batch process as in claim 9 wherein, in step (d), wastewater treatment system pressure is reduced at the rate of 1\u20132 atmospheres per minute.
11. A batch process as in claim 1 wherein, in step (d), wastewater treatment system pressure is reduced at the rate of 1\u20132 atmospheres per minute.
12. A batch process as in claim 1 wherein air vented in step (c) has an oxygen level of 5\u201310%.
13. A water treatment system for low cost pressurized treatment of wastewater comprising:
(a) one or more pressure vessels designed to operate under anaerobic conditions;
(b) one or more pressure vessels designed to operate under aerobic conditions;
(c) means for introducing an amount of processed activated sludge material from a source of stored activated sludge into said one or more anaerobic vessels;
(d) means for introducing an amount of wastewater to be processed from an inlet supply system into said one or more aerobic vessels, charged wastewater material to be processed substantially filling all said vessels;
(e) a pressurization and infusion system connected to pressurize and provide fresh air to said system at an elevated pressure by introducing high pressure air and continuously infusing air into said charged system;
(f) a circulating system for continuously circulating charged, air infused material among said aerobic and anaerobic vessels as a multi-phase bubble flow;
(g) a venting system including a vapor release device for continuously venting an amount of circulated air of lower oxygen content to balance air infused by said air compressor; and
(h) a system for separating solid and liquid fractions discharged from said processing system.
14. A water treatment system as in claim 13 including circulation directing devices such that the circulation of materials includes circulation through said one or more aerobic vessels and periodically also includes circulation through said one or more anaerobic vessels.
15. A water treatment system as in claim 14 wherein the volume said aerobic vessels is from 4\u201310 times the volume of said anaerobic vessels.
16. A water treatment system as in claim 14 wherein said aerobic reaction vessels include inlet baffles and jet tubes.
17. A water treatment system as in claim 16 wherein said aerobic vessels operate as continually stirred tank reactors.
18. A water treatment system as in claim 13 wherein said venting system includes a pressure control system for venting to a predetermined controlled pressure.
19. A water treatment system as in claim 13 wherein said venting system further includes a pressure release system for reducing the pressure in said water treatment system at a desired gradual rate.
20. A water treatment system for low cost pressurized treatment of wastewater comprising:
(a) one or more pressure vessels designed to operate under anaerobic conditions;
(b) one or more pressure vessels designed to operate under aerobic conditions;
(c) sludge supply system for introducing an amount of processed activated sludge material from a source of stored activated sludge into said one or more anaerobic vessels;
(d) wastewater supply system for introducing an amount of wastewater to be processed from an inlet supply system into said one or more aerobic vessels, charged wastewater material to be processed substantially filling all said vessels;
(e) a pressurization and infusion system connected to pressurize and provide fresh air to said system at an elevated pressure by introducing high pressure air and continuously infusing air into said charged system;
(f) a circulating system for continuously circulating charged, air infused material among said aerobic and anaerobic vessels as a multi-phase bubble flow;
(g) a venting system including a vapor release device for venting an amount of circulated air of lower oxygen content necessary to balance air infused by said air compressor and to control pressure in said water treatment system; and
(h) a system for separating solid and liquid fractions discharged from said processing system.