1. A light-emitting element having a layered structure, the layered structure comprising at least a light-emitting layer having a light-emitting region, the light-emitting element extracting light from a light-extracting surface distanced from the light-emitting region, the light being emitted from the light-emitting region, the light-emitting element comprising,
a light-scattering portion, wherein
a distance between a surface of the light-emitting region facing a side of the light-extracting surface and the light-extracting surface is limited to 50% or less of a peak wavelength of light.
2. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein on a substrate, a light reflective first electrode layer, the light-emitting layer, and a transparent second electrode layer are provided in this order.
3. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein on a substrate, a reflective layer, a first transparent electrode layer, the light-emitting layer, and a second transparent electrode layer are provided in this order.
4. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the distance is limited to 30% or less of the peak wavelength of light.
5. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the distance is limited to 20% or less of the peak wavelength of light.
6. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the distance is limited to 10% or less of the peak wavelength of light.
7. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the light-scattering portion corresponds to an irregular surface of a reflective layer.
8. The light-emitting element according to claim 7, further comprising a planarizing layer for planarizing the irregular surface.
9. The light-emitting element according to claim 7, wherein a maximum value (Rmax) of surface roughness of the irregular surface is \xbc or more of the peak wavelength of light.
10. The light-emitting element according to claim 9, wherein the light-scattering portion is made of a base material and an additive to be dispersed in the base material, the base material and the additive having different refractive indices.
11. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the light-scattering portion corresponds to an irregular surface of the light-extracting surface.
12. The light-emitting element according to claim 8, further comprising a planarizing layer for planarizing the irregular surface.
13. A display device comprising the light-emitting element in accordance with claim 1.
14. A lighting device comprising the light-emitting element in accordance with claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Process for producing a bipolar membrane, in which a cationic membrane and an anionic membrane undergo a treatment with a metal salt, the two membranes are conjoined and, before andor after conjoining the two membranes, they are brought into contact with a treatment solution selected from alkaline aqueous solutions, aqueous metal sulphate solutions and aqueous metal sulphite solutions, characterized in that a salt of a metal from group 8 of the periodic table of the elements is selected to treat the cationic membrane, and a salt of a transition metal that does not belong to group 8 is selected to treat the anionic membrane.
2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the group 8 metal is selected from iron, cobalt and nickel, and the transition metal that does not belong to group 8 is selected from chromium, molyhdenum and tungsten.
3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the salt of the metal from group 8 and the salt of the transition metal not belonging to group 8 are selected from nitrates and chlorides.
4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the salt of the group 8 metal is dispersed in a fraction of the treatment solution and the salt of the transition metal is dispersed in another fraction of the treatment solution and, prior to conjoining the two membranes, the cationic membrane is treated with the fraction of the treatment solution containing the salt of the group 8 metal and the anionic membrane is treated with the other fraction of the treatment solution.
5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the treatment solution is a solution of an alkali metal sulphate or sulphite.
6. Process according to claim 5, wherein the treatment solution is a sodium sulphate solution.
7. Process according to claim 5, wherein the cationic membrane and the anionic membrane undergo maturing in contact with the treatment solutions.
8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the metal salts are hydrated salts.