1. A system comprising:
a first therapy module comprising a housing and a signal generator enclosed within the housing, wherein the signal generator generates and delivers electrical stimulation to a first tissue site within a patient via a first electrode electrically connected to the signal generator;
a second therapy module that delivers electrical stimulation to a second tissue site within the patient;
a second electrode; and
a clamping structure that electrically connects the second electrode to the housing of the first therapy module, wherein the clamping structure reduces a shunt-current introduced into the first therapy module via the first electrode, and wherein the shunt-current is generated by the delivery of electrical stimulation by the second therapy module.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the clamping structure electrically connects the second electrode to the housing of the first therapy module when a voltage gradient generated by the electrical stimulation delivered by the second therapy module to the second tissue site is greater than or equal to a threshold voltage value, wherein the voltage gradient generates the shunt-current, and wherein the clamping structure provides a lower impedance electrical path for the shunt-current than an electrical path through the first electrode.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the clamping structure comprises one or more of a diode, a Zener diode, a gas plasma arrestor, a varistor, or a combination thereof.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the second electrode comprises a conductive surface area that is larger than a conductive surface area of the first electrode.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the second electrode is implanted in one of a subcutaneous layer, a sub-muscular location, and intravenous location of the patient.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the housing substantially encloses the first and second therapy modules.
7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a first implantable medical device (IMD) comprising a first outer housing enclosing the first therapy module and a second IMD comprising a second outer housing enclosing the second therapy module, wherein the first and second outer housings are physically separate from each other and separately implanted within the patient.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first therapy module comprises an electrical stimulation module configured to deliver electrical stimulation via the signal generator to the first tissue site that comprises at least one of a nonmyocardial tissue site or a nonvascular cardiac tissue site within the patient, and the second therapy module comprises a cardiac therapy module that is configured to deliver at least one of pacing, cardioversion or defibrillation therapy to the second tissue site that comprises a heart of the patient.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the second therapy module comprises at least one of an automatic external defibrillator, an implantable defibrillator, and intravenous defibrillator.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the first therapy module comprises a cardiac therapy module that is configured to deliver at least one of pacing, cardioversion or defibrillation therapy to a heart of the patient, and the second therapy module comprises an electrical stimulation module configured to deliver electrical stimulation to at least one of a nonmyocardial tissue site or a nonvascular cardiac tissue site within the patient.
11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a shunt-current mitigation circuitry coupled to the first electrode, wherein the shunt-current mitigation circuitry reduces the shunt-current that is introduced into the first therapy module via the first electrode.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the shunt-current mitigation circuitry comprises:
a monitor electrically coupled to the first electrode via a wire, wherein the monitor monitors an electrical parameter value at the first electrode; and
a switch coupled to the monitor,
wherein the monitor opens the switch when the electrical parameter value is greater than or equal to a threshold value.
13. The system of claim 12, further comprising a third electrode, wherein the electrical parameter value comprises at least one of a voltage at the first electrode, a current through the first electrode, or a voltage across at least the first and third electrodes.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the monitor comprises a voltage monitor.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein the monitor comprises a current monitor.
16. The system of claim 12, wherein the wire comprises a resistive wire comprising a resistance of approximately 10 ohms to approximately 10 kiloohms, approximately 10 ohms to approximately 100 ohms, or approximately 3.5 kiloohms to approximately 10 kiloohms.
17. The system of claim 12, wherein the switch comprises a relay.
18. The system of claim 11, wherein the shunt-mitigation circuitry comprises a resistor electrically connected to the first electrode.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the shunt-mitigation circuitry further comprises a switch in parallel with the resistor, wherein the first therapy module toggles the switch closed during the delivery of the delivery of electrical stimulation by the first therapy module.
20. The system of claim 11, wherein the shunt-mitigation circuitry comprises a diode coupled to the first electrode.
21. The system of claim 11, wherein the shunt-mitigation circuitry comprises a current limiter coupled to the first electrode.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the current limiter comprises at least one of a fuse, a resettable fuse, or a bimetallic circuit breaker.
23. The system of claim 11, further comprising an implantable medical lead that is electrically connected to the first therapy module and comprising the first electrode, wherein the shunt-current mitigation circuitry is located within at least one of the first therapy module, a connector that electrically connects the implantable medical lead to the first therapy module, or the implantable medical lead.
24. The system of claim 11, further comprising a processor within the first therapy module, wherein the shunt-current mitigation circuitry comprises:
a monitor electrically coupled to the first electrode via a wire, wherein the monitor monitors an electrical parameter value at the electrode; and
a switch coupled to the monitor, wherein the processor opens the switch when the electrical parameter value is greater than or equal to a threshold value.
25. The system of claim 1, further comprising a switch located between the first electrode and the signal generator of the first therapy module, wherein the first therapy module comprises a processor, wherein the second therapy module transmits a communication signal to the processor that indicates prospective therapy delivery to the patient by the second therapy module, and wherein the processor opens the switch in response to receiving the communication signal from the second therapy module.
26. The system of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is electrically coupled to the signal generator via an inductive wire.
27. The system of claim 1, wherein the clamping structure comprises a first clamping structure, the system further comprising a second clamping structure electrically connected to the first electrode, wherein a threshold voltage value that activates the second clamping structure is greater than a threshold voltage value that activates the first clamping structure, and wherein the second clamping structure is substantially similar to the first clamping structure.
28. A method comprising:
sensing a voltage gradient via a first electrode coupled to a housing of a first therapy module via a clamping structure, wherein the voltage gradient is generated by delivery of electrical stimulation by a second therapy module;
activating the clamping structure when the sensed voltage gradient is greater than a threshold voltage value; and
reducing a shunt-current introduced into the first therapy module via a second electrode coupled to a signal generator of the first therapy module,
wherein the shunt-current is generated by the delivery of electrical stimulation by the second therapy module, and wherein activating the clamping structure reduces the shunt-current introduced into the first therapy module via the second electrode.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the first electrode and the activated clamping structure provide a lower impedance electrical path for the shunt-current than an electrical path through the second electrode.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein the clamping structure comprises one or more of a diode, a Zener diode, a gas plasma arrestor, a varistor, or a combination thereof.
31. The method of claim 28, wherein the first electrode comprises a conductive surface area that is larger than a conductive surface area of the second electrode.
32. The method of claim 28, wherein the first electrode is implanted in one of a subcutaneous layer, a sub-muscular location, and intravenous location of the patient.
33. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
monitoring an electrical parameter value at the second electrode;
determining whether the electrical parameter value is greater than or equal to a threshold value; and
opening a switch that electrically connects the second electrode and the therapy module if the electrical parameter value is greater than or equal to the threshold value.
34. The method of claim 28, further comprising:
transmitting a communication signal from the second therapy module to the first therapy module, wherein the communication signal indicates prospective therapy delivery by the second therapy module; and
toggling open a switch located between the second electrode and the signal generator in response to the communication signal.
35. A system comprising:
means for sensing a voltage gradient via a first electrode coupled to a housing of a first therapy module via a clamping structure, wherein the voltage gradient is generated by delivery of electrical stimulation by a second therapy module;
means for activating the clamping structure when the sensed voltage gradient is greater than a threshold voltage value; and
means for reducing a shunt-current introduced into the first therapy module via a second electrode coupled to a signal generator of the first therapy module,
wherein the shunt-current is generated by the delivery of electrical stimulation by the second therapy module, and wherein activating the clamping structure reduces the shunt-current introduced into the first therapy module via the second electrode.
36. The system of claim 35, wherein the first electrode and the activated clamping structure provide a lower impedance electrical path for the shunt-current than an electrical path through the second electrode.
37. The system of claim 35, wherein the clamping structure comprises one or more of a diode, a Zener diode, a gas plasma arrestor, a varistor, or a combination thereof.
38. The system of claim 35, wherein the first electrode comprises a conductive surface area that is larger than a conductive surface area of the second electrode.
39. The system of claim 35, wherein the first electrode is implanted in one of a subcutaneous layer, a sub-muscular location, and intravenous location of the patient.
40. The system of claim 35, further comprising:
means for monitoring an electrical parameter value at the second electrode;
means for determining whether the electrical parameter value is greater than or equal to a threshold value; and
means for opening a switch that electrically connects the second electrode and the therapy module if the electrical parameter value is greater than or equal to the threshold value.
41. The system of claim 35, further comprising:
means for transmitting a communication signal from the second therapy module to the first therapy module, wherein the communication signal indicates prospective therapy delivery by the second therapy module; and
means for toggling open a switch located between the second electrode and the signal generator in response to the communication signal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An air spring (10) comprising:
a hollow elastic sleeve (12);
an upper component (22) for coupling the air spring (10) to a first frame, wherein an upper end of the hollow elastic sleeve (12) is secured to the upper component (22);
a piston (14) for coupling the air spring (10) to a second frame that is movable relative to the first frame, wherein a lower end of the hollow elastic sleeve (12) is secured to the piston (14); and
a hollow cylinder (16) having a first end circumscribing the upper component (22) and an opposed second end terminating in an outwardly-disposed flange (20) circumscribing the second end, the hollow cylinder (16) circumscribing the hollow elastic sleeve (12) intermediate the upper component (22) and the outwardly-disposed flange (20) to constrain the diameter of the hollow sleeve (12) and thereby reduce the effective area and natural frequency of the air spring (10).
2. The air spring (10) of claim 1 wherein the hollow cylinder (16) is rigid.
3. The air spring (10) of claim 2 wherein the hollow cylinder (16) enables an inflation pressure of the hollow elastic sleeve (12) to increase without rupture.
4. The air spring (10) of claim 1 wherein the hollow cylinder (16) is located so that more of the elastic sleeve (12) is exposed between the piston (14) and the hollow cylinder (16) than between the upper component (22) and the hollow cylinder (16).
5. The air spring (10) of claim 1 wherein the piston (14) has a negative taper to increase a rate of change in the reduction of the effective area.
6. The air spring (10) of claim 1 wherein the outwardly-disposed flange (20) extends radially away from the hollow cylinder (16).
7. An air spring (10) according to claim 1 wherein the upper component (22) and hollow cylinder (16) define an axis passing through the center of the upper component (22) and longitudinally through the center of the hollow cylinder (16), and wherein the coupling of the hollow elastic sleeve (12) with the upper component (22) includes a fold in the hollow elastic sleeve (12) between the upper component (22) and the hollow cylinder (16) to enable the upper component (22) to tilt relative to the axis.
8. An air spring (10) according to claim 7, and further comprising a fillet (118) around an inside edge of the hollow cylinder (16) adjacent the fold in the hollow elastic sleeve (12).
9. An air spring (10) comprising:
a hollow elastic sleeve (12);
an upper component (22) for coupling the air spring (10) to a first frame, wherein a first end of the hollow elastic sleeve (12) is secured to the upper component (22);
a piston (14) having a first outer diameter and coupling the air spring (10) to a second frame that is movable relative to the first frame; and
a hollow cylinder (16) surrounding the hollow elastic sleeve (12) from the upper component (22) to the piston (14) to constrain the diameter of the hollow elastic sleeve (12);
whereby the second opposed end of the hollow elastic sleeve (12) is secured to the piston (14) to define a rolling lobe that is alternatingly drawn into and out of the hollow cylinder (16) as the piston (14) moves toward and away from the upper component (22); and
whereby the diameter of the rolling lobe decreases as the rolling lobe is drawn into the hollow cylinder (16) to thereby reduce the effective area and the natural frequency of the air spring (10).
10. An air spring (10) comprising:
an upper component (22) for coupling the air spring (10) to a first frame;
a piston (14) having a piston (14) outside diameter and secured to a second frame that is movable relative to the first frame;
a hollow cylinder (16) having a cylinder (16) inside diameter greater than the piston (14) outside diameter, the hollow cylinder (16) including a first end immovably surrounding the upper component (22) and a second opposed end terminating in an outwardly-disposed flange (20) circumscribing the second end, and
an inflatable elastic gas receptacle having a first end and an opposed second end, the first end of the inflatable elastic gas receptacle secured to the upper component (22), and the opposed second end of the inflatable elastic gas receptacle secured to the piston (14);
whereby the hollow cylinder (16) from the first end to the outwardly-disposed flange (20) surrounds a portion of the inflatable elastic gas receptacle (12) to constrain the diameter of the portion of the inflatable elastic gas receptacle (12);
whereby the second end of the inflatable elastic gas receptacle (12) is secured to the piston (14) to define a rolling lobe extending away from the outwardly-disposed flange (20);
whereby the rolling lobe is alternatingly drawn into and out of the hollow cylinder (16) as the piston (14) moves toward and away from the upper component (22); and
whereby the diameter of the rolling lobe decreases as the rolling lobe is drawn into the hollow cylinder (16) to thereby reduce the effective area and the natural frequency of the air spring (10).
11. An air spring (10) according to claim 10 wherein, as the rolling lobe is drawn into the hollow cylinder (16) as the piston (14) moves toward the upper component (22), the volume of the rolling lobe decreases.