Author: claimsbot

1. A solid-state imaging apparatus having an imaging region in which a plurality of pixels are two-dimensionally arranged,
the plurality of pixels including
a first pixel arranged near a center of the imaging region, and
a second pixel arranged at a position farther away from the center of the imaging region than the first pixel,
the first pixel including a first micro lens having a substantially circular shape as viewed in a plan view, and
the second pixel including a second micro lens having a substantially elliptical shape as viewed in a plan view and having an area larger than an area of the first micro lens,
the imaging region having a rectangular shape and having a first side and a second side that is adjacent to the first side,
the second pixel being arranged at a position closer to the first side than the first pixel in a direction along the second side, and
the second micro lens having a substantially elliptical shape in a direction along with second side,
the plurality of pixels further including a third pixel positioned between the first pixel and the second pixel, and
the third pixel having a third micro lens, the third micro lens having a substantially elliptical shape as viewed in a plan view and having an area larger than the area of the first micro lens and smaller than the area of the second micro lens.
2. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the second micro lens has a substantially elliptical shape in a direction along the second side.
3. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
a length of a major axis of the third micro lens is larger than a diameter of the first micro lens and smaller than a length of a major axis of the second micro lens.
4. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of pixels further include a fourth pixel arranged at a position closer to the second side than the first pixel in a direction along the first side,
the fourth pixel has a fourth micro lens having a substantially elliptical shape as viewed in a plan view and having a fourth micro lens having an area larger than the area of the first micro lens, and
the fourth micro lens has a substantially elliptical shape extending in a direction along the first side.
5. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
a length of a major axis of the fourth micro lens is larger than a diameter of the first micro lens.
6. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the plurality of pixels further include a fifth pixel positioned between the first pixel and the fourth pixel, and
the fifth pixel has a fifth micro lens having a substantially elliptical shape as viewed in a plan view and having an area larger than the area of the first micro lens and smaller than the area of the fourth micro lens.
7. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
the fifth micro lens has a substantially elliptical shape extending in a direction along the first side.
8. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 7, wherein
a length of a major axis of the fifth micro lens is larger than a diameter of the first micro lens and smaller than a diameter of the fourth micro lens.
9. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the imaging region further includes a first corner at which the first side and the second side intersect with each other,
the plurality of pixels further include a sixth pixel arranged at a position closer to the first corner than the first pixel, and
the sixth pixel has a sixth micro lens having a substantially circular shape as viewed in a plan view and having an area larger than the area of the first micro lens.
10. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein
a diameter of the sixth micro lens is larger than a diameter of the first micro lens.
11. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein
the plurality of pixels further include a seventh pixel positioned between the first pixel and the sixth pixel, and
the seventh pixel has a seventh micro lens having a substantially circular shape as viewed in a plan view and having an area larger than the area of the first micro lens and smaller than the area of the sixth micro lens.
12. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 11, wherein
a diameter of the seventh micro lens is larger than a diameter of the first micro lens and smaller than a diameter of the sixth micro lens.
13. A solid-state imaging apparatus having an imaging region in which a plurality of pixels are two-dimensionally arranged,
the plurality of pixels including
a first pixel arranged near a center of the imaging region, and
a second pixel arranged at a position farther away form the center of the imaging region than the first pixel,
the first pixel including a first micro lens having a substantially circular shape as viewed in a plan view, and
the second pixel including a second micro lens, the second micro lens having a substantially elliptical shape as viewed in a plan view and having an area larger than an area of the first micro lens,
the imaging region having a rectangular shape and having a first side and a second side that is adjacent to the first side,
the second pixel being arranged at a position closer to the first side than the first pixel in a direction along the second side, and
the second micro lens having a substantially elliptical shape in a direction along the second side,
among the plurality of pixels, in pixels positioned on a straight line extending in a direction along the second side from the center of the imaging region, lengths of major axes of the micro lenses increasing moving away from the center of the imaging region.
14. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 13, wherein,
among the plurality of pixels, in pixels positioned on a straight line extending in a direction along the second side from the center of the imaging region, areas of the micro lenses increase as moving away from the center of the imaging region.
15. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 13, wherein,
among the plurality of pixels, in pixels positioned on a straight line extending in a direction along the first side from the center of the imaging region, lengths of major axes of the micro lenses increase as moving away from the center of the imaging region.
16. The solid-state imaging apparatus according to claim 15, wherein,
among the plurality of pixels, in pixels positioned on a straight line extending in the direction along the first side from the center of the imaging region, areas of the micro lenses increase as moving away from the center of the imaging region.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A compound of formula (I):
15
wherein
Ff is F(-K)m(Y-Z)q in which F is a fullerene core; each K, independently, is OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONHNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH(CO2H)CH21-100OH, CH(CO2Ra)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2H)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2 Ra)CH21-100OH, N(OH)2, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc; each Y is -A-B-, in which A is O, NH, S, COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH, NHCONH, CONH, or NHCO; and B is RaOSi(CH3)2O1-100 alkyl, C6-40 aryl, C7-2000 alkylaryl, C7-2000 arylalkyl, (C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, (C1-30 alkyl thioether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl thioether)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl ester)1-100, (C7-2000 aryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, R_O(C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, RaCO_O(C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, (C4-50 alkyl urethane)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urethane)1-100, (C10-2000 alkylaryl urethane)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urethane)1-100, (C5-50alkyl urea)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 alkylaryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urea)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl amide)1-100, (C7-60 aryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, (C3-30 alkyl anhydride)1-100, (C8-50 aryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 alkylaryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 arylalkyl anhydride)1-100, (C2-30 alkyl carbonate)1-100, (C7-50 aryl carbonate)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl carbonate)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl carbonate)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO (C1-30alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100OCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr) NHC OO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100OCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH_(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, or a bond; each Z, independently, is -G-D, wherein G is Ra, RaAr, ArRa, or Ar; and D is H, OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONHNH2, CH(NH2)CO2H, NHCH2CO2H, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, -oligosaccharide, CO-glycoside, CO-oligosaccharide, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, COOCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, C6H3(OH)2, N(CH2CO2H)2, CON(CH2CO2H)2, CONHC(CH2CH2CO2H)3, CONHC(CH2CH2OH)3, CH2CH(CO2Ra)1-100H, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc, each of Ra, Rb, and Rc, independently, being C1-20 alkyl and Ar being aryl; q is 0-30; and m is 0-30; provided that the sum of q and im is 0-30;
each of R1 and R4, independently, is O or C1-20 hydrocarbon; and each of R2 and R5, independently, is C1-20 hydrocarbon; wherein R and R2, or R4 and R5 can join together to form C6-40 aryl which is optionally substituted with halide, OH, NHNH2, NH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH2CH2-D, CH2-B-Z, COCH2-D, CO-B-Z, O-B-Z, or NH-B-Z; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above;
each of R3 and R6, independently, is H, CH2-D, -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E, or a side chain of an amino acid; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above, and E being E1, E2, or E3, in which E1 is Y1,Y2-amino, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)-amino, Y1,Y2-ethylenediamino, (dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino, (X1,X3-aryl)amino, or X1,X3-aryloxy; E2 is Y1,Y2-alkoxy, (Y1,Y2-amino)alkoxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)oxy, (dihydroxyalkyl)-aryloxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)amino, dihydroxyalkylamino, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino, (dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)thio, (X1,X3-aryl)thio, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)thio, (dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y1,Y2-dioxoalkyl, or tri-(Y1,Y2,Y3-methylaminocarboxyethyl)methylamino; and E3 is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)amino, (X1-diarylketone)amino, (X,X1-oxoaryl)amino, (X,X1-dioxoaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di(Y1,Y2-methyl)dioxoheteroaryl)amino, (di(Y1,Y2-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxo-heteroaryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)amino, ((isopropylaminohydroxy-alkoxy)aryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-alkylaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)oxy, (isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,Y -oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1-diarylketone)oxy, (X,X1-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)oxy, (Y1,Y2,di-aminodihydroxy)alkyl, (X1,X2-heteroaryl)thio, ((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylene-diamino)alkoxy, (X1,X2-oxoaryl)thio, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)thio, (glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio, Y1-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, (Y1,Y2-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio, (aminoaryl)1-100amino, (pyranosyl)amino, (Y1-aminoaryl)1-100amino, (amino(sulfoaryl))1-100amino, peptidyl, thymidinyl, uridinyl, guanosinyl, adenosinyl, cholesteryl, or biotinylalkoxy; wherein X is halide; each of X1, X2, and X3, independently is Y1, OY1, SY1, NHY1, COOY1, OCOY1, CONHY1, CONY1Y2, NHCOY1, SO2Y1, CHY1Y2, or NY1Y2; and each ofY1, Y2, and Y3, independently, is -Z or -B-Z;
RN is H; or one of R3 and R6, together with RN is a bond and the other of R3 and R6 is as defined above.
each of x and y, independently, is 0 or 1; and
s is 1-6;
provided that when x is 0, R1 is O; that when y is 0, R4 is O; that when x is 1, R1 and R2 join together to form C6-40 aryl; and that when y is 1, R4 and R5 join together to form C6-40 aryl; and
or a salt thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of x and y is 1.
3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R1 and R2, or R4 and R5 can join together to form a benzene ring.
4. The compound of claim 3, wherein F is C60, C61, C62, C63, C64, C65, C70, C76, C78, C82, C84, or C92, or LaCn, HoCn, GdCn, or ErCn, in which n is 60, 74, or 82.
5. The compound of claim 3, wherein the sum of q and m is 0-20.
6. The compound of claim 3, wherein each K, independently, is SH, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CONH2, CONHNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, -glycoside, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CHOH, NHRaRk, or NHRaR KR.
7. The compound of claim 3, wherein D is SH, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CONH2, CONHNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, -glycoside, -oligosaccharide, CO-glycoside, CO-oligosaccharide, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CHOH, NHRaRb, or NHRaRbRc.
8. The compound of claim 3, wherein only one of x and y is 1.
9. The compound of claim 8, wherein x is 1, y is 0, and R and R2 join together to form a benzene ring.
10. The compound of claim 9, wherein R3 is H, -B-Z, -G-E, or -G-CO-E.
11. The compound of claim 9, wherein R6 is -G-E, -G-CO-E, or a side chain of an amino acid.
12. The compound of claim 11, wherein R6 is a side chaini of alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, halophenylalanine, hydroxyphenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, glytamine, arginine, serine, theronine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, 2-aminobutyric acid, halophenylalaniine, cyclohexylalanine, citrulline, homocitrulline, homoserine, norleucine, norvaline, or ornithille.
13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R3 is H, -B-Z, -G-E, or -G-CO-E.
14. The compound of claim 13, wherein F is C60, and the sum of q and m is 0-20.
15. The compound of claim 14, said compound is the E-isomer of 1-dimetlhyl-3-hydroxyphenylmethyl-fulleropyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1-dimethyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl-fulleropyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1-isobutyl-3-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-fulleropyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-3-ethyl-3-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-fulleropyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid, or 1-metlhyl-3-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)-fulleropyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid.
16. The compound of claim 1, wherein both x and y are 0.
17. The compound of claim 16, wherein F is C60, C61, C62, C63, C64, C65, C70, C76, C78, C82, C84, or C92, or LaCn, HoCn, GdCn, or ErCn, in which1 n is 60, 74, or 82.
18. The compound of claim 16, wherein the sum of q and m is 0-20.
19. The compound of claim 16, wherein each K, independently, is SH, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CONH2, CONHNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, -glycoside, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CHOH, NHRaRb, or NHRaRbRc.
20. The compound of claim 16, wherein D is SH, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CONH2, CONHNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, -glycoside, -oligosaceharide, CO-glycoside, CO-oligosaccharide, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CHOH, NHRaRb, or NHRaRbRc.
21. The compound of claim 16, wherein each of R3 and R6, independently, is -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E, or a side chain of alanine, aspaitic acid, cysteilne, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, halophenylalanine, hydroxyphenylalaninie, glycine, hiistidinie, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, mnethionine, asparagine, glytamine, arginine, serine, theroinine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, 2-aminobutyric acid, haloplhenylalaniine, cyclohexylalaninie, citrulline, homocitrulline, homoserine, norleucine, norvaline, or ornithine.
22. The compound of claim 21, wherein F is C60, and the sum of q and m is 0-20.
23. The compound of claim 22, said compound is the E-isomer of 1,3-dimethyl-fulleropyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, fLilleropyrrolidine-1,3-di(3-propanoic acid)-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1-methyl-3-thiomethyl-fulleropyrrolidine-1,3-dicar-boxylic acid, or 1-methyl-3-hydroxymethyl-fulleropyirolidine-1,3-dicarboxylic acid.
24. A method for preparing a compound of formula (I-A):
16
wherein
Ff is F(-K)m(Y-Z)q in which F is a fullerene core; each K, independently, is OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONRNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH(CO2H)CH21-100OH, CH(CO2Ra)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2H)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2 Ra)CH21-100OH, N(OH)2, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc; each Y is -A-B-, in which A is O, NH, S, COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH, NHCONH, CONH, or NHCO; and B is RaOSi(CH3)2O1-100, C1-2000 alkyl, C6-40 aryl, C7-2000 alkylaryl, C7-2000 arylalkyl, (C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, (C1-30 alkyl thioether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl thioether)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl ester)1-100, (C7-2000 aryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-00, RaCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, (C4-50 alkyl urethane)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urethane)1-100, (C10-2000 alkylaryl urethane)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urethane)1-100, (C5-50 alkyl urea)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 alkylaryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urea)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl amide)1-100, (C7-60 aryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, (C3-30 alkyl anhydrlde)1-100, (C8-50 aryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 alkylaryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 arylalkyl anhydride)1-100, (C2-30 alkyl carbonate)1-100, (C7-50 aryl carbonate)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl carbonate)1-100, (C8g2000 arylalkyl carbonate)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCO-O(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100RcOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaNH_CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100RcOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, or a bond; each Z, independently, is -G-D, wherein G is Ra, RaAr, ArR, or Ar; and D is H, OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONHNH2, CH(NH2)CO2H, NHCH2CO2H, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, -oligosaccharide, CO-glycoside, CO-oligosaccharide, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, COOCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, C6H3(OH)2, N(CH2CO2H)2, CON(CH2CO2H)2, CONHC(CH2CH2CO2H)3, CONHC(CH2CH2OH)3, CH2CH(CO2Ra)1-100H, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc, each of Ra, Rb, and Rc, independently, being C1-20 alkyl and Ar being aryl; q is 0-30; and m is 0-30; provided that the sum of q and m is 0-30;
each of R1 and R4, independently, is O or C1-20 hydrocarbon; and each of R2 and R5, independently, is C1-20 hydrocarbon; wherein R1 and R2, or R4 and R5 can join together to form C6-40 aryl which is optionally substituted with halide, OH, NHNH2, NH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH2CH2-D, CH2-B-Z, COCH2-D, CO-B-Z, O-B-Z, or NH-B-Z; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above;
each of R3 and R6, independently, is H, CH2-D, -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E or a side chain of an amino acid; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above, and E being E1, E2, or E3, in which E1 is Y1,Y2-amino, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)-amino, Y1,Y2-ethylenediamino, (dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino, (X1,X3-aryl)amino, or X1,X3-aryloxy; E2 is Y1,Y2-alkoxy, (Y1,Y2-amino)alkoxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)oxy, (dihydroxyalkyl)-aryloxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)amino, dihydroxyalkylamino, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino, (dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)thio, (X1,X3-aryl)thio, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)thio, (dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y1,Y2-dioxoalkyl, or tri-(Y1,Y2,Y3-methylaminocarboxyethyl)methylamino; and E3 is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)amino, (X1-diarylketone)amino, (X,X1-oxoaryl)amino, (X,X1-dioxoaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di(Y1,Y2-methyl)dioxoheteroaryl)amino, (di(Y1,Y2-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxo-heteroaryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)amino, ((isopropylaminohydroxy-alkoxy)aryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-alkylaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)oxy, (isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,Y1-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1-diarylketone)oxy, (X,X1-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)oxy, (Y1,Y2,di-aminodihydroxy)alkyl, (X1,X2-heteroaryl)thio, ((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylene-diamino)alkoxy, (X1,X2-oxoaryl)thio, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)thio, (glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio, Y1-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, (Y1,Y2-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio, (aminoaryl)1-100amino, (pyranosyl)amino, (Y1-aminoaryl)1-100amino, (amino(sulfoaryl))1-100amino, peptidyl, thymidinyl, uridinyl, guanosinyl, adenosinyl, cholesteryl, or biotinylalkoxy; wherein X is halide; each of X1, X2, and X3, independently, is Y1, OY1, SY1, NHY1, COOY1, OCOY1, CONHY1, CONY1Y2, NHCOY1, SO2Y1, CHY1Y2, or NY1Y2; and each of Y1, Y2, and Y3, independently, is -Z or -B-Z;
each of x and y, independently, is 0 or 1; and
s is 1-6;
provided that when x is 0, R1 is O; that when y is 0, R4 is O; that when X is 1, R1 and R2 join together to form C6-40 aryl; and that when y is 1, R4 and R join together to form C6-40 aryl; and
or a salt thereof;
the method comprising:
reacting a compound of formula (II)
17
wherein M is a Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Zn, Cr, Ti, or Zr ion;
with a fullerene compound Ff of the formula F(-K)m,(Y-Z)q wherein the suIml of q and m is 0 to form a compound of formula (III)
18
removing M from the compound of formula (III) to form a compound Of formula (I-A) wherein the sum of q and m is 0; and
optionally treating the compound of formula (I-A) wherein the sum of q and m is 0 with a nitrating or sulfating agent to form a nitrofullerene or cyclosulifatecd fullerene, and contacting the nitrofullerene or cyclosulfated fullerene with a nucleoplilic agent to formi a compound of formula (I-A) wherein the sum of q and m is greater than 0.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein only one of x and y is 0.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein x is I, y is 0, and R1 and ;R2 join together to form a benzene ring.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein both x and y are 0.
28. The method of claim 24, wherein M is a Cu ion.
29. The method of claim 24, wherein the compound of formula (II) is prepared by reacting a compound of fonrula (IV)
19
with a metal salt MX, wherein M has been defined above, and X is an anion.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein X is halide, sulfate, nitrate, or acetate.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein the compound of formula (IV) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (V)
20
with a compound of formula (VI)
21
32. The method of claim 31, wherein each of R3 and R6, independently, is H, B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E, or a side chain of an amino acid, wherein B, E, G, and Z have been defined above.
33. A compound of formula (VII):
22
wherein
Ff is F(-K)m(Y-Z)q in which F is a fullerene core; each K, independently, is OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONHNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH(CO2H)CH21-100OH, CH(CO2Ra)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2H)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2 Ra)CH21-100OH, N(OH)2, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc; each Y is -A-B-, in which A is O, NH, S, COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH, NHCONH, CONH, or NHCO; and B is RaSi(CH3)2O1-100, C1-2000 alkyl, C6-40 aryl, C7-2000 alkylaryl, C7-2000 arylalkyl, (C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl-ether)1-100, (C1-30 alkyl thioether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl thioether)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl ester)1-100, (C7-2000 aryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, (C4-50 alkyl urethane)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urethane)1-100, (C102000 alkylaryl urethane)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urethane)1-100, (C5-50 alkyl urea)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 alkylaryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urea)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl amide)1-100, (C7-60 aryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, (C3-30 alkyl anhydride)1-100, (C8-50 aryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 alkylaryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 arylalkyl anhydride)1-100, (C2-30 alkyl carbonate)1-100, (C7-50 aryl carbonate)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl carbonate)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl carbonate)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRaAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRaAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100RcOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 so alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, or a bond; each Z, independently, is -G-D, wherein G is R, RaAr, ArRa, or Ar; and D is H, OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONHNH2, CH(NH2)CO2H, NHCH2CO2H, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, -oligosaccharide, CO-glycoside, CO-oligosaccharide, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, COOCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, C6H3(OH)2, N(CH2CO2H)2, CON(CH2CO2H)2, CONHC(CH2CH2CO2H)3, CONHC(CH2CH2OH)3, CH2CH(CO2Ra)1-100H, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc, each of Ra, Rb, and Rc, independently, being C1-20 alkyl and Ar being aryl; q is 0-30; and m is 0-30; provided that the sum of q and m is 0-30;
each of R1 and R4, independently, is O or C1-20 hydrocarbon; and each of R2 and R5, independently, is C1-20 hydrocarbon; wherein R1 and R2, or R4 and R5 can join together to form C6-40 aryl which is optionally substituted with halide, OH, NHNH2, NH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH2CH2-D, CH2-B-Z, COCH2-D, CO-B-Z, O-B-Z, or NH-B-Z; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above;
each of R3 and R6, independently, is H, CH2-D, -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E or a side chain of an amino acid; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above, and E being E1, E2, or E3, in which E1 is Y1,Y2-amino, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)-amino, Y1,Y2-ethylenediamino, (dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino, (X1,X3-aryl)amino, or X1,X3-aryloxy; E2 is Y1,Y2-alkoxy, (Y1,Y2-amino)alkoxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)oxy, (dihydroxyalkyl)-aryloxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)amino, dihydroxyalkylamino, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino, (dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)thio, (X1,X3-aryl)thio, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)thio, (dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y1,Y2-dioxoalkyl, or tri-(Y1,Y2,Y3-methylaminocarboxyethyl)methylamino; and E3 is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)amino, (X1-diarylketone)amino, (X,X1-oxoaryl)amino, (X,X1-dioxoaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di(Y1,Y2-methyl)dioxoheteroaryl)amino, (di(Y1,Y2-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxo-heteroaryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)amino, ((isopropylaminohydroxy-alkoxy)aryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-alkylaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)oxy, (isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,Y1-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1-diarylketone)oxy, (X,X1-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)oxy, (Y1,Y2,di-aminodihydroxy)alkyl, (X1,X2-heteroaryl)thio, ((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylene-diamino)alkoxy, (X1,X2-oxoaryl)thio, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)thio, (glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio, Y1-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, (Y1,Y2-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio, (aminoaryl), iooamino, (pyranosyl)amino, (Y1-aminoaryl)1-100amino, (amino(sulfoaryl))1-100amino, peptidyl, thymidinyl, uridinyl, guanosinyl, adenosinyl, cholesteryl, or biotinylalkoxy; wherein X is halide; each of X1, X2, and X3, independently, is Y1, OY1, SY1, NHY1, COOY1, OCOY1, CONHY1, CONY1Y2, NHCOY1, SO2Y1, CHY1Y2, or NY1Y2; and each of Y1, Y2, and Y3, independently, is -Z or -B-Z; B and Z having been defined above;
R7 is Rd or ORe; wherein Rd is OH, OM, NHNH2, NHOH, NHCH2CO2H, O-B-Z, NH-B-Z, -E, O-G-E, NH-G-E, O-G-CO-E, or NH-G-CO-E; M being Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Zn, Cr, Ti, or Zr ion; and Re is H, CH2CH2-D, CH2-B-Z, CH2-G-E, CH2-G-CO-E, COCH2-D, CO-B-Z, CO-G-E, or CO-G-CO-E; each of B, D, E, G, and Z having been defined above;
8 is Re;
R9 is O or a bond;
R10 is Rd or Re; each of which having been defined above;
each of x and y, independently, is 0 or 1; and
p is 1-30;
provided that when x is 0, R1 is O, and R7 is -Rd; that when y is 0, R4 is O, and R9 is a bond, and R10 is Rd; that when x is 1, R1 and R2 join together to form C6-40 aryl, and R7 is ORe; and that when y is 1, R4 and R5 join together to form C6-40 aryl, R9 is O, and R10 is Re; and
further provided that when p is greater than 1, x is 0;
or a salt thereof.
34. The compound of claim 33, wherein F is C60, C61, C62, C63, C64, C65, C70, C76, C78, C82, C84, or C92, or LaCn, HoCn, GdCn, or ErCn, in which n is 60, 74, or 82.
35. The compound of claim 33, wherein the sum of q and m is 0-20.
36. The compound of claim 33, wherein p is 2-10.
37. The compound of claim 33, wherein each of R3 and R6, independently, is H. -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E or a side chain of an amino acid.
38. The compound of claim 33, wherein Rd is OH, NHNH2, -E, O-G-E, NH-G-E, O-G-CO-E, or NH-G-CO-E.
39. The compound of claim 33, wherein Re is H, CH2-G-E, CH2-G-CO-E, CO-G-E, or CO-G-CO-E.
40. The compound of claim 33, wherein both x and y are 0.
41. The compound of claim 40, wherein Rd is OH, N Hl2, -E, O-G-E, NH-G-E, O-G-CO-E, or NH-G-CO-E.
42. The compound of claim 41, wherein Re is H, CH2-G-E, CH2-G-CO-E, CO-G-E, or CO-G-CO-E.
43. The compound of claim 42, wherein p is 2-10.
44. The compound of claim 43, said compound is oligo(1,3-dimethyl-fulleropyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylic N-amide).
45. A compound of formula (VIII):
23
wherein
Ff is F(-K)m(Y-Z)q in which F is a fullerene core; each K, independently, is OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONHNH2, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH(CO2H)CH21-100OH, CH(CO2Ra)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2H)CH21-100OH, C(CH3)(CO2 Ra)CH21-100OH, N(OH)2, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc; each Y is -A-B-, in which A is O, NH, S, COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH, NHCONH, CONH, or NHCO; and B is RaSi(CH3)2O1-100, C1-2000 alkyl, C6-40 aryl, C7-2000 alkylaryl, C7-2000 arylalkyl, (C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl-ether)1-100, (C1-30 alkyl thioether)1-100, (C6-40 aryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 alkylaryl thioether)1-100, (C7-2000 arylalkyl thioether)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl ester)1-100, (C7-2000 aryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl ester)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C6-40 aryl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C7-2000 alkylaryl ether)1-100, RaCOO(C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, (C4-50 alkyl urethane)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urethane)1-100, (C10-2000 alkylaryl urethane)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urethane)1-100, (C5-50 alkyl urea)1-100, (C14-60 aryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 alkylaryl urea)1-100, (C10-2000 arylalkyl urea)1-100, (C2-50 alkyl amide)1-100, (C7-60 aryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl amide)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, (C3-30 alkyl anhydride)1-100, (C8-50 aryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 alkylaryl anhydride)1-100, (C9-2000 arylalkyl anhydride)1-100, (C2-30 alkyl carbonate)1-100, (C7-50 aryl carbonate)1-100, (C8-2000 alkylaryl carbonate)1-100, (C8-2000 arylalkyl carbonate)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRaAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRaAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C1-30 alkyl ether, C6-40 aryl ether, C7-2000 alkylaryl ether, or C7-2000 arylalkyl ether)1-100CONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO(C2-50 alkyl ester, C7-60 aryl ester, C8-2000 alkylaryl ester, or C8-2000 arylalkyl ester)1-100RcOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCOO, RaOCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 so alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, RaNHCONH(Rb or ArRbAr)NHCONH(C2-50 alkyl amide, C7-60 aryl amide, C8-2000 alkylaryl amide, or C8-2000 arylalkyl amide)1-100, or a bond; each Z, independently, is -G-D, wherein G is R, RaAr, ArRa, or Ar; and D is H, OH, SH, NH2, NHOH, SO3H, OSO3H, CO2H, CONH2, CONHNH2, CH(NH2)CO2H, NHCH2CO2H, P(OH)3, PO(OH)2, OPO(OH)2, OPO(OH)OPO(OH)2, OPO(O)OCH2CH2NH3, OPO(O)OCH2CH2N(CH3)3, -glycoside, -oligosaccharide, CO-glycoside, CO-oligosaccharide, OCH3, OCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, OCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH, COOCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH, C6H3(OH)2, N(CH2CO2H)2, CON(CH2CO2H)2, CONHC(CH2CH2CO2H)3, CONHC(CH2CH2OH)3, CH2CH(CO2Ra)1-100H, NH3, NH2Ra, NHRaRb, or NRaRbRc, each of Ra, Rb, and Rc, independently, being C1-20 alkyl and Ar being aryl; q is 0-30; and m is 0-30; provided that the sum of q and m is 0-30;
each of R1 and R4, independently, is O or C1-20 hydrocarbon; and each of R2 and R5, independently, is C1-20 hydrocarbon; wherein R1 and R2, or R4 and R5 can join together to form C6-40 aryl which is optionally substituted with halide, OH, NHNH2, NH2OH, NHCH2CO2H, CH2CH2-D, CH2-B-Z, COCH2-D, CO-B-Z, O-B-Z, or NH-B-Z; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above;
each of R3 and R6, independently, is H, CH2-D, -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E or a side chain of an amino acid; each of B, D, and Z having been defined above, and E being E1, E2, or E3, in which E1 is Y1,Y2-amino, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)-amino, Y1,Y2-ethylenediamino, (dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino, (X1,X3-aryl)amino, or X1,X3-aryloxy; E2 is Y1,Y2-alkoxy, (Y1,Y2-amino)alkoxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)oxy, (dhydroxyalkyl)-aryloxy, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-aryl)amino, dihydroxyalkylamino, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino, (dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl)thio, (X1,X3-aryl)thio, (Y1,Y2-alkyl)thio, (dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y1,Y2-dioxoalkyl, or tri-(Y1,Y2,Y3-methylaminocarboxyethyl)methylamino; and E3 is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)amino, (X1-diarylketone)amino, (X,X1-oxoaryl)amino, (X,X1-dioxoaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y1-alkyl,Y2-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di(Y1,Y2-methyl)dioxoheteroaryl)amino, (di(Yly2-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxo-heteroaryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)amino, ((isopropylaminohydroxy-alkoxy)aryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-alkylaryl)amino, (X1,X2,X3-heteroaryl)oxy, (isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1,X2,X3-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,Y1-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X1-diarylketone)oxy, (X,X1-oxoaryl)oxy, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)oxy, (Y1,Y2,di-aminodihydroxy)alkyl, (X1,X2-heteroaryl)thio, ((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylene-diamino)alkoxy, (X1,X2-oxoaryl)thio, (X1,X2-dioxoaryl)thio, (glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio, Y1alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y1,Y2,Y3-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, (Y1,Y2-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio, (aminoaryl)1-100amino, (pyranosyl)amino, (Y1-aminoaryl)1-100amino, (amino(sulfoaryl))1-100amino, peptidyl, thymidinyl, uridinyl, guanosinyl, adenosinyl, cholesteryl, or biotinylalkoxy; wherein X is halide; each of X1, X2, and X3, independently, is Y1, OY1, SY1, NHY1, COOY1, OCOY1, CONHY1, CONY1Y2, NHCOY1, SO2Y1, CHY1Y2, or NY1Y2; and each of Y1, Y2, and Y3, independently, is -Z or -B-Z; B and Z having been defined above;
R7 is Rd or ORe; wherein Rd is OH, OM, NHNH2, NHOH, NHCH2CO2H, O-B-Z, NH-B-Z, -E, O-G-E, NH-G-E, O-G-CO-E, or NH-G-CO-E; M being Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Zn, Cr, Ti, or Zr ion; and Re is H, CH2CH2-D, CH2-B-Z, CH2-G-E, CH2-G-CO-E, COCH2-D, CO-B-Z, CO-G-E, or CO-G-CO-E; each of B, D, E, G, and Z having been defined above;
R8 is Re, which has the same meaning as set forth above;
R9 is ORf or Rg; wherein Rf is CO-B-G-O, CO-B-G-NH, CO-B-G-COO, or CO-B-G-CONH; and R1 is NH, O, O-B-G-O, NH-B-G-O, NH-B-G-NH, OCO-B-G-COO, or NHCO-B-G-CONH; B and G having been defined above;
R10 is H;
each of x and y, independently, is 0 or 1; and
r is 1-100;
provided that when x is 0, R1 is O, and R7 is Rd; that when y is 0, R4 is O, and R9 is Rg, and R10 is H; that when x is 1, R1 and R2 join together to form C6-40 aryl, and R7 is ORe; and that when y is 1, R4 and R5 join together to form C6-40 aryl, R9 is ORf, and R10 is H; and
further provided that when r is greater than 1, x is 0;
or a salt thereof.
46. The compound of claim 45, wherein F is C60, C61, C62, C63, C64, C65, C70, C76, C78, C82, C84, or C92, or LaCn, HoCn, GdCn, or ErCn, in which n is 60, 74, or 82.
47. The compound of claim 45, wherein the sum of q and m is 0-20.
48. The compound of claim 45, wherein r is 2-30.
49. The compound of claim 45, wherein each of R3 and R6, independently, is H, -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E, or a side chain of an amino acid.
50. The compound of claim 45, wherein Rd is OH, NHNH2, -E, O-G-E, NH-G-E, O-G-CO-E, or NH-G-CO-E.
51. The compound of claim 45, wherein Re is H, CH2-G-E, CH2-G-CO-E, CO-G-E, or CO-G-CO-E.
52. The compound of claim 45, wherein Rf is CO-B-G-NH or CO-B-G-CONH.
53. The compound of claim 45, wherein Rg is O-B-G-O, NH-B-G-O, NH-B-G-NH, OCO-B-G-COO, or NHCO-B-G-CONH.
54. The compound of claim 45, wherein both x and y are 0.
55. The compound of claim 54, wherein each of R3 and R6; independently, is H, -B-Z, -G-E, -G-CO-E, or a side chain of an amino acid.
56. The compound of claim 55, wherein Rd is OH, NHNH2, -E, O-G-E, NH-G-E, O-G-CO-E, or NH-G-CO-E.
57. The compound of claim 56, wherein Re is H, CH2-G-E, CH2-G-CO-E, CO-G-E, or CO-G-CO-E.
58. The compound of claim 57, wherein Rf is CO-B-G-NH or CO-B-G-CONH.
59. The compound of claim 58, wherein R is O-B-G-O, NH-B-G-O, NH-B-G-NH, OCO-B-G-COO, or NHCO-B-G-CONH.
60. The compound of claim 59, wherein r is 2-30.

1. A VCM, (voice coil motor) comprising:
a rotor including a cylindrical bobbin for accommodating a lens and protruded at a bottom end with a boss, and a coil block arranged at a periphery of the bobbin;
a stator including a magnet facing the coil block and a yoke fixing the magnet; and
an elastic member including a first elastic member formed with a through hole coupled to the boss of the bobbin and a second elastic member coupled to an upper end facing the bottom end of the bobbin;
wherein the boss is formed with a disengagement prevention unit preventing the first elastic member from being disengaged from the boss, and
the first elastic member is formed with a coupling unit contacting a joint where the disengagement prevention unit and the coupling unit meet.
2. The VCM of claim 1, wherein the disengagement prevention unit is integrally formed with the boss by thermal fusion, and is larger than the boss.
3. The VCM of claim 2, wherein the first elastic member is radially formed with a plurality of cut-out units connected to the through hole in a slit shape for forming the coupling unit.
4. The VCM of claim 3, wherein the through hole has a smaller diameter than that of the boss, where the diameter of the boss is smaller than a sum of a length of the cut-out unit and a radius of the though hole.
5. The VCM of claim 2, wherein at least a part of the coupling unit is inserted into the disengagement prevention unit.
6. The VCM of claim 1, wherein the disengagement prevention unit includes an adhesive coated and cured on a distal end of the boss, and is larger than the boss.
7. The VCM of claim 5, wherein the coupling unit is inserted into the disengagement prevention unit.
8. The VCM of claim 6, wherein the first elastic member is radially formed with a plurality of cut-out units connected to the through hole in a slit shape.
9. The VCM of claim 8, wherein a diameter of the through hole is smaller than that of the boss, where the diameter of the boss is smaller than a sum of a length of the cut-out unit and a radius of the though hole.
10. A VCM (voice coil motor), comprising: a rotor including a cylindrical bobbin for accommodating a lens and protruded at a bottom end with a boss, and a coil block arranged at a periphery of the bobbin; a stator including a magnet facing the coil block and a yoke fixing the magnet; and an elastic member including a first elastic member formed with a through hole coupled to the boss formed at the bottom end of the bobbin and a second elastic member coupled to an upper end facing the bottom end of the bobbin; wherein the boss is formed with a disengagement prevention unit preventing the first elastic member from being disengaged from the boss, and coupling units radially protruded from an inner lateral surface of the first elastic member formed by the through hole of the first elastic member are respectively formed at the disengagement prevention unit and a periphery of the boss.
11. The VCM of claim 10, wherein the disengagement prevention unit is integrally formed with the boss by thermal fusion, and is larger than the boss.
12. The VCM of claim 11, wherein the disengagement prevention unit includes an adhesive coated and cured on a distal end of the boss, and is larger than the boss.
13. The VCM of claim 1, wherein the elastic member includes a first through hole coupled to the boss, a second through hole exposing a groove, and a reinforcement member reinforcing a coupling strength between the first elastic member and a bobbin body using the second through hole and the groove.
14. The VCM of claim 13, wherein the reinforcement member includes an adhesive formed inside the groove bonding a bottom end of the bobbin body and the first elastic member.
15. The VCM of claim 14, wherein the adhesive is extended between the bobbin body and the first elastic member through a gap formed between the bobbin body and the first elastic member.
16. The VCM of claim 14, wherein the adhesive is a thermally curable adhesive including an UV (Ultraviolet) curable adhesive.
17. The VCM of claim 13, wherein the reinforcement member includes a fastening member fastening the bobbin body and the first elastic member using the groove.
18. The VCM of claim 13, wherein the reinforcement member includes a coupling pin press-fitted into the groove to couple the bobbin body and the first elastic member.
19. The VCM of claim 13, wherein a distal end of the boss coupled to the first through hole of the first elastic member includes a head unit having a size larger than that of the first through hole by thermal fusion.
20. The VCM of claim 13, wherein a bottom end of the bobbin body is arranged with two first elastic members, and each of the grooves formed at the bottom end of the bobbin body is adjacently arranged at each distal end of the first elastic member.
21. The VCM of claim 13, wherein the first elastic member includes an inner leaf spring arranged at a position corresponding to the bottom end of the bobbin body, an outer leaf spring arranged at a position corresponding to the yoke and a connection spring connecting the inner leaf spring and the outer leaf spring, wherein the first and second through holes are formed at the inner leaf spring.
22. The VCM of claim 1, further comprising a fusion unit protruded from a bottom surface of the bobbin corresponding to the elastic members to depress each distal end facing the elastic members.
23. The VCM of claim 22, wherein each distal end facing the elastic members arranged adjacent to the fusion unit is bonded by one lateral distal end of the coil and the other lateral distal end facing the one lateral distal end of the coil by a solder.
24. The VCM of claim 22, wherein each distal end of the elastic members adjacent to the fusion unit is formed with a coupling groove encompassing a part of a lateral surface of the fusion unit.
25. The VCM of claim 24, wherein the fusion unit takes the shape of a polygonal pillar including a cuboidal pillar, and the coupling groove formed at the distal end of each first elastic member corresponds to the fusion unit, and is brought into contact with lateral surfaces of the fusion unit except for one lateral surface.
26. The VCM of claim 22, wherein a height of the fusion unit is shorter than that of the boss when measured from the bottom surface of the bobbin.
27. The VCM of claim 22, wherein each of the first elastic members is formed with a through hole formed between the boss and the fusion unit, and the bottom surface of the bobbin is formed with a coupling boss inserted into the through hole.
28. The VCM of claim 1, wherein the distal end of the bobbin is protrusively formed with adhesive guide lugs, each adjacently arranged, and the elastic member opposite to the distal end of the bobbin is formed with openings exposing the adhesive guide lugs.
29. The VCM of claim 28, wherein two adhesive guide lugs are adjacently formed.
30. The VCM of claim 29, wherein the elastic member includes an inner elastic unit contacting the distal end of the bobbin, an outer elastic unit discretely arranged from the inner elastic unit and a connection elastic unit connecting the inner elastic unit and the outer elastic unit, and the adhesive guide lugs are formed at a portion where the inner elastic unit and the connection elastic unit are connected.
31. The VCM of claim 28, wherein the plurality of adhesive guide lugs are formed at the distal end of the bobbin, each lug spaced apart at a predetermined equal interval.
32. The VCM of claim 28, wherein each area of the openings exposing the adhesive guide lugs formed at the elastic member is larger than that of each of the adhesive guide lugs.
33. The VCM of claim 28, wherein a part of the opening takes a shape that is opened toward an inner lateral surface of the bobbin.
34. The VCM of claim 28, further comprising an adhesive provided between a pair of the adjacently arranged adhesive guide lugs to bond the elastic member and the distal end of the bobbin.
35. The VCM of claim 28, wherein the distal end of the bobbin is one of an upper end of the bobbin and a bottom end facing the upper end of the bobbin.
36. The VCM of claim 28, wherein a part of the elastic member is extended to a space formed between the two adhesive guide lugs.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A communications jamming system, comprising:
a software defined radio (SDR) system for generating at least one jamming signal;

a processing system in communication with the SDR system, wherein the processing system comprises,
a host processor for running software used to control the SDR system, and
a content management system (CMS) database that contains jamming signal parameters for target signals of interest; and
a transmit antenna system for transmitting the at least one jamming signal;
wherein the host processor is adapted to control the SDR system to generate jamming signals exclusively, such that the maximum output power of the SDR system is at all times available for transmitting jamming signals.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the transmit antenna system comprises:
at least two different types of antenna; and
an auto band selector for selectively choosing one of the at least two types of antenna based on the frequency of the at least one jamming signal.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least two different types of antenna comprise a metamaterial fractal antenna, a YagiLog directional antenna and a metamaterial parabolic antenna.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the CMS database is adapted to construct software radio blocks utilized by the SDR system.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one jamming signal is characterized by a customized waveform that is adapted to bypass filters and anti-jamming circuitry located at a target receiver.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one jamming signal is adapted to blind a target receiver.
7. A mesh jamming network, comprising:
at least two communications jamming systems in communication with each other for dynamically coordinating communications jamming coverage, wherein each communications jamming system comprises,
a software defined radio (SDR) system for generating at least one jamming signal;
a processing system in communication with the SDR system, wherein the processing system comprises a host processor for running software used to control the SDR system, and a content management system (CMS) database that contains jamming signal parameters for target signals of interest, and
a transmit antenna system for transmitting the at least one jamming signal;

wherein the at least one jamming signal is characterized by a customized waveform that is adapted to bypass filters and anti-jamming circuitry located at a target receiver.
8. The mesh jamming network of claim 7, wherein each communications jamming system is capable of communicating jamming system parameters, protocols and other field intelligence to other communications jamming systems in the mesh jamming network.
9. The mesh jamming network of claim 7, wherein the communications jamming systems communicate with one another via radio-frequency links.
10. The mesh jamming network of claim 9, wherein the radio-frequency links comprise coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing links.
11. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one jamming signal is adapted to blind a target receiver.
12. The system of claim 7, wherein the transmit antenna system comprises:
at least two different types of antenna; and
an auto band selector for selectively choosing one of the at least two types of antenna based on the frequency of the at least one jamming signal.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the at least two different types of antenna comprise a metamaterial fractal antenna, a YagiLog directional antenna and a metamaterial parabolic antenna.
14. The system of claim 7, wherein the host processor is adapted to control the SDR system to generate jamming signals exclusively, such that the maximum output power of the SDR system is at all times available for transmitting jamming signals.
15. A communications jamming system, comprising:
a software defined radio (SDR) system for generating at least one jamming signal;

a processing system in communication with the SDR system, wherein the processing system comprises,
a host processor for running software used to control the SDR system, and
a content management system (CMS) database that contains jamming signal parameters for target signals of interest; and
a transmit antenna system for transmitting the at least one jamming signal, wherein the transmit antenna system comprises,
at least two different types of antenna, and
an auto band selector for selectively choosing one of the at least two types of antenna based on the frequency of the at least one jamming signal.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the at least two different types of antenna comprise a metamaterial fractal antenna, a YagiLog directional antenna and a metamaterial parabolic antenna.
17. The system of claim 15, wherein the at least one jamming signal is characterized by a customized waveform that is adapted to bypass filters and anti-jamming circuitry located at a target receiver.
18. The system of claim 15, wherein the at least one jamming signal is adapted to blind a target receiver.
19. The system of claim 15, wherein the host processor is adapted to control the SDR system to generate jamming signals exclusively, such that the maximum output power of the SDR system is at all times available for transmitting jamming signals.