Author: claimsbot

1. A printing apparatus connectable to a recording apparatus which manages identification information for identifying data recorded on a recording medium associated with an identifier capable of individually identifying the recording medium, comprising:
a reading unit, adapted to read a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmission requesting unit, adapted to, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, request the recording apparatus to transmit first identification information associated with the first identifier;
a receiver adapted to receive the first identification information transmitted from the recording apparatus in response to the transmission request; and
a printing unit adapted to print in a printable area of the recording medium using the first identification information.
2. A recording apparatus which records data on a recording medium, comprising:
a data storage unit adapted to store data;
a recording unit adapted to records, on the recording medium, the data stored in said data storage unit;
an identification information generation unit adapted to generate identification information for identifying the recorded data on the basis of information regarding the recorded data;
an identifier reading unit adapted to read an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium; and
an identification information storage unit adapted to store the identification information associated with the identifier.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising:
a transmission request acceptance unit adapted to, when the recording apparatus is connected to a printing apparatus for printing in a printable area of the recording medium, accept a transmission request of first identification information based on a first identifier from the printing apparatus;
a determination unit adapted to determine whether the first identification information regarding the transmission request and being associated with the first identifier is stored in said identification information storage unit; and
a transmitter adapted to, when said determination unit determines that the first identification information is stored, transmit the first identification information to the printing apparatus.
4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein when the identifier is not added to the recording medium, said recording unit records information corresponding to the identifier in a recordable area of the recording medium.
5. A printing apparatus connected to an information processing apparatus which manages identification information for identifying data recorded on a recording medium associated with an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium, comprising:
a reading unit adapted to read a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmitter adapted to transmit the first identifier read by said reading unit to the information processing apparatus;
a receiver adapted to receive print data transmitted from the information processing apparatus in accordance with transmission of the first identifier; and
a printing unit adapted to print in a printable area of the recording medium using the print data.
6. An information processing apparatus connectable to a printing apparatus which prints in a printable area of a recording medium, comprising:
a storage unit adapted to store identification information for identifying data recorded on the recording medium associated with an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium;
a search request acceptance unit adapted to accept a search request of first identification information being associated with a first identifier from the connected printing apparatus; and
a transmitter adapted to, when the first identification information is stored in said storage unit, transmit print data based on the first identification information to the printing apparatus.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising:
a determination unit adapted to determine whether the first identification information is stored in said storage unit;
a display unit adapted to, when said determination unit determines that the first identification information is stored, display a window based on the first identification information; and
a print instruction acceptance unit adapted to accept a print instruction based on the window display,
wherein said transmitter transmits the print data in accordance with the print instruction.
8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein,
said storage unit further stores template data for the print data,
said display unit displays a window prepared by applying the first identification information to at least one template data, and
the print instruction is issued by selecting said at least one template data.
9. A printing apparatus connectable to a recording apparatus which records data on a recording medium, comprising:
an obtaining unit adapted to, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, obtain, from the recording apparatus, attribute information regarding data recordable on the recording medium;
a printing unit adapted to print in a printable area of the recording medium using the attribute information;
an identifier reading unit adapted to read, from the recording medium, an identifier capable of individually identifying the recording medium; and
a management unit adapted to manage the attribute information associated with the identifier.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising:
a request acceptance unit adapted to accept a transmission request of first attribute information being managed in said management unit and associated with a first identifier;
a first determination unit adapted to determine whether the first attribute information exists in said management unit; and
a transmitter adapted to, when said first determination unit determines that the first attribute information exists, transmit the first attribute information to the recording apparatus.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein, when said first determination unit determines that the first attribute information does not exist, said transmitter transmits, to the recording apparatus, a notification that the first attribute information does not exist.
12. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein,
said identifier reading unit comprises a second determination unit adapted to determine whether the recording medium has the identifier, and
when said second determination unit determines that the recording medium does not have the identifier, said printing unit prints the identifier on the recording medium.
13. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein,
said printing unit comprising:
a storage unit adapted to store template data for printing; and
a data generation unit adapted to generate print data using the template data and the attribute information, and

said printing unit prints in the printable area using the print data.
14. A recording apparatus which is connectable to a printing apparatus for printing in a printable area of a recording medium, and records data on the recording medium, comprising:
a data storage unit adapted to store data;
a transmission request acceptance unit adapted to, when the printing apparatus is connected, accept, from the printing apparatus, a transmission request of attribute information regarding data to be recorded on the recording medium;
a search unit adapted to search in response to the transmission request for data that is stored in said data storage unit and is recordable on the recording medium; and
a transmitter adapted to transmit, to the printing apparatus, attribute information regarding the recordable data detected by said search unit.
15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said search unit detects data stored in said data storage unit as the recordable data.
16. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said search unit detects data selected by a user among data stored in said data storage unit, as the recordable data.
17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said search unit detects data which satisfies a predetermined condition among data stored in said data storage unit, as the recordable data.
18. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein, when the attribute information regarding data recordable on the recording medium is managed associated with an identifier which is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium, in the connected printing apparatus,
the recording apparatus further comprising:
a reading unit adapted to read a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmission requesting unit adapted to request the printing apparatus to transmit first attribute information being managed associated with the first identifier;
an obtaining unit adapted to, when the first attribute information is received from the printing apparatus in response to the request, obtain data corresponding to the received first attribute information among data stored in said data storage unit; and
a recording unit adapted to record the obtained data on the recording medium.
19. The apparatus according to claims 18, wherein, when a notification that the first attribute information associated with the first identifier is not managed is received from the printing apparatus, said recording unit records, on the recording medium, data selection by a user among data stored in said data storage unit.
20. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said data storage unit includes a camcorder connected to the recording apparatus.
21. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein said reading unit reads the identifier from the recording medium in response to a data recording start instruction from a user.
22. The apparatus according to claim 18, further comprising a detection unit adapted to detect loading of the recording medium in the recording apparatus,
wherein said reading unit reads the identifier from the recording medium in response to detection of the loading by said detection unit.
23. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recording medium includes a disc type recording medium.
24. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the identification information includes at least one of a data name, a data type, a data generation date & time, a photographing date & time, a photographing mode, a scene extraction image, and EPG data.
25. A method of controlling a printing apparatus connectable to a recording apparatus which manages identification information for identifying data recorded on a recording medium associated with an identifier capable of individually identifying the recording medium, comprising:
a reading step of reading a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmission requesting step of, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, requesting the recording apparatus to transmit first identification information associated with the first identifier;
a reception step of receiving the first identification information transmitted from the recording apparatus in response to the transmission request; and
a printing step of printing in a printable area of the recording medium using the first identification information.
26. A method of controlling a recording apparatus which records data on a recording medium, comprising:
a recording step of recording, on the recording medium, data stored in a data storage unit for storing data;
an identification information generation step of generating identification information for identifying the recorded data using information regarding the recorded data;
an identifier reading step of reading an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium; and
a storing step of storing the identification information associated with the identifier in an identification information storage unit.
27. A method of controlling a printing apparatus connected to an information processing apparatus which manages identification information for identifying data recorded on a recording medium associated with an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium, comprising:
a reading step of reading a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmission step of transmitting the first identifier read in the reading step to the information processing apparatus;
a reception step of receiving print data transmitted from the information processing apparatus in accordance with transmission of the first identifier; and
a printing step of printing in a printable area of the recording medium using the print data.
28. A method of controlling an information processing apparatus which is connectable to a printing apparatus for printing in a printable area of a recording medium, and has a storage unit for storing identification information for identifying data recorded on the recording medium associated with an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium, comprising:
a search request acceptance step of accepting a search request of first identification information being associated with a first identifier from the printing apparatus connected to the information processing apparatus; and
a transmission step of, when the first identification information is stored in the storage unit, transmitting print data based on the first identification information to the printing apparatus.
29. A method of controlling a printing apparatus connectable to a recording apparatus which records data on a recording medium, comprising:
an obtaining step of, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, obtaining, from the recording apparatus, attribute information regarding data recordable on the recording medium;
a printing step of printing in a printable area of the recording medium using the attribute information;
an identifier reading step of reading, from the recording medium, an identifier capable of individually identifying the recording medium; and
a management step of managing the attribute information associated with the identifier.
30. A method of controlling a recording apparatus which is connectable to a printing apparatus for printing in a printable area of a recording medium, and records data on the recording medium, comprising:
a transmission request acceptance step of, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, accepting, from the printing apparatus, a transmission request of attribute information regarding data to be recorded on the recording medium;
a search step of searching in response to the transmission request for data that is stored in a data storage unit for storing data and is recordable on the recording medium; and
a transmission step of transmitting, to the printing apparatus, attribute information regarding the recordable data detected in the search step.
31. The method according to claim 30, wherein, when the attribute information regarding data recordable on the recording medium is managed associated with an identifier which is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium, in the connected printing apparatus,
the method further comprising:
a reading step of reading a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmission requesting step of requesting the printing apparatus to transmit first attribute information managed being associated with the first identifier;
an obtaining step of, when the first attribute information is received from the printing apparatus in response to the request, obtaining data corresponding to the received first attribute information among data stored in the data storage unit; and
a recording step of recording the obtained data on the recording medium.
32. A computer program for causing a computer to execute a method of controlling a printing apparatus connectable to a recording apparatus which manages identification information for identifying data recorded on a recording medium associated with an identifier capable of individually identifying the recording medium, wherein the method comprising:
a reading step of reading a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmission requesting step of, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, requesting the recording apparatus to transmit first identification information being associated with the first identifier;
a reception step of receiving the first identification information transmitted from the recording apparatus in response to the transmission request; and
a printing step of printing in a printable area of the recording medium using the first identification information.
33. A computer program for causing a computer to execute a method of controlling a recording apparatus which records data on a recording medium, wherein the method comprising:
a recording step of recording, on the recording medium, data stored in a data storage unit for storing data;
an identification information generation step of generating identification information for identifying the recorded data using information regarding the recorded data;
an identifier reading step of reading an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium; and
a storage step of storing the identification information associated with the identifier in an identification information storage unit.
34. A computer program for causing a computer to execute a method of controlling a printing apparatus connected to an information processing apparatus which manages identification information for identifying data recorded on a recording medium associated with an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium, wherein the method comprising:
a reading step of reading a first identifier from the recording medium;
a transmission step of transmitting the first identifier read in the reading step to the information processing apparatus;
a reception step of receiving print data transmitted from the information processing apparatus in accordance with transmission of the first identifier; and
a printing step of printing in a printable area of the recording medium using the print data.
35. A computer program for causing a computer to execute a method of controlling an information processing apparatus which is connectable to a printing apparatus for printing in a printable area of a recording medium, and has a storage unit for storing identification information for identifying data recorded on the recording medium associated with an identifier that is added to the recording medium and enables individually identifying the recording medium, wherein the method comprising:
a search request acceptance step of accepting a search request of first identification information being associated with a first identifier from the printing apparatus connected to the information processing apparatus; and
a transmission step of, when the first identification information is stored in the storage unit, transmitting print data based on the first identification information to the printing apparatus.
36. A computer program for causing a computer to execute a method of controlling a printing apparatus connectable to a recording apparatus which records data on a recording medium, wherein the method comprising:
an obtaining step of, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, obtaining, from the recording apparatus, attribute information regarding data recordable on the recording medium;
a printing step of printing in a printable area of the recording medium using the attribute information;
an identifier reading step of reading, from the recording medium, an identifier capable of individually identifying the recording medium; and
a management step of managing the attribute information associated with the identifier.
37. A computer program for causing a computer to execute a method of controlling a recording apparatus which is connectable to a printing apparatus for printing in a printable area of a recording medium, and records data on the recording medium, wherein the method comprising:
a transmission request acceptance step of, when the printing apparatus is connected to the recording apparatus, accepting, from the printing apparatus, a transmission request of attribute information regarding data to be recorded on the recording medium;
a search step of searching in response to the transmission request for data that is stored in a data storage unit for storing data and is recordable on the recording medium; and
a transmission step of transmitting, to the printing apparatus, attribute information regarding the recordable data detected in the search step.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A process for recovering an oil product from an organism, comprising: (a) obtaining a crude extract from an organismal biomass; (b) applying said crude extract to a composition comprising a nanomaterial; and (c) recovering said oil product from said composition comprising the nanomaterial.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein said organism is grown prior to step (a).
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the crude extract is obtained in step (a) by exposing the organismal biomass to at least one water-immiscible solvent.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein the water-immiscible solvent is selected from the group consisting of carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, dimethyl formamide, ethyl acetate, heptane, hexane, methyl-tert-butyl ether, pentane, toluene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
5. The process of claim 1, further comprising step (d) wherein said oil product produced in step (c) is exposed to a treatment to remove said at least one solvent.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein said treatment comprises evaporation at a low temperature.
7. The process of claim 2, wherein said organism is an algae.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein said algae is a species of Dunaliella, Chlorella or Spirulina.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein said algae is Dunaliella Bardawil, Dunaliella sauna or Dunaliella primolecta, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella emorsonii, Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella vulgaris or Spirulina platensis.
10. The process of claim 7, wherein said algae is Cyclotella cryptica, Tetraselmis suecica, Monoraphidium, Botryococcus braunii, Stichococcus, Haematococcus pluvialis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsis, Nitzschia closterium, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chlamydomas perigranulata or Synechocystis.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein said nanomaterial is a carbonaceous nanomaterial.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein recovery step (c) comprises applying pressure to said composition in order to recover said oil product.
13. The process of claim 12 is subjected to centrifugation or mechanical compression in order to obtain said oil product.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises at least 10% by weight of carbonaceous nanomaterials.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein said nanomaterial comprises carbonaceous nanoparticles, wherein the smallest dimension of said carbonaceous nanoparticles is less than 500 nm n.
16. The process of claim 15, wherein at least 50% of the nanoparticles are a material other than a carbon nanotube.
17. The process of claim 15, wherein said nanomaterial has the capacity to bind an amount of contaminant equal to at least 50% of the weight of said nanomaterial.
18. The process of claim 15, wherein at least 50% of said carbonaceous particles have the smallest dimension less than 500 nm.
19. The process of claim 15, wherein at least 50% of said carbonaceous particles have the smallest dimension less than 300 nm.
20. The process of claim 15, wherein at least 50% of said carbonaceous particles have the smallest dimension less than 200 nm.
21. The process of claim 15, wherein at least 50% of said carbonaceous particles have the smallest dimension less than 100 nm.
22. The process of claim 15, wherein said nanomaterial has the capacity to bind an amount of contaminant equal to at least 10 times the weight of said nanomaterial.
23. The process of claim 15, wherein a portion of the carbonaceous material has a tubular or spheroid configuration.
24. The process of claim 1, wherein said nanomaterial comprises graphene.
25. The process of claim 24, wherein nanomaterial comprises at least 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, or 99.9% graphene by weight.
26. A composition produced by the process of claim 6 comprising purified oil that is substantially free of any solvents or pigments.
27. The composition of claim 26, wherein said composition has less than 15% water by weight.
28. The composition of claim 26, wherein the organism from which the purified oil was produced is an algae.

1. A method of operation of a mobile communication system comprising:
receiving a base carrier frequency signal for representing the base carrier frequency signal between a mobile device and a cell tower location;
generating a power spectral density from the base carrier frequency signal;
measuring a Rician K factor from the power spectral density;
estimating a line-of-sight frequency and a Doppler frequency based on the power spectral density according to the Rician K factor;
determining a movement for representing direction and speed of the mobile device relative to the cell tower location with a central processor unit based on the line-of-sight frequency, the Doppler frequency, and the Rician K factor; and
activating a handover decision handler based on the cell tower location and the movement.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein estimating the line-of-sight Doppler frequency includes estimating the line-of-sight Doppler frequency based on the power spectral density.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising counting samples of the base carrier frequency signal with a channel tap for generation of the power spectral density.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein measuring the Rician K factor includes determining power magnitudes of the power spectral density.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising estimating a line-of-sight frequency based on the power spectral density.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein determining the cell tower location includes determining a mobile intercept angle of the mobile device.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein determining the cell tower location includes determining a mobile speed of the mobile device.
8. A mobile communication system comprising:
an antenna for receiving a base carrier frequency signal for representing the base carrier frequency signal between a mobile device and a cell tower location;
a digital conditioner unit for generating a power spectral density from the base carrier frequency signal;
a digital signal processor for measuring a Rician K factor based on the power spectral density;
a finite state machine for estimating a line-of-sight frequency and a Doppler frequency based on the power spectral density according to the Rician K factor;
a central processor unit for determining a movement for representing direction and speed of the mobile device relative to the cell tower location based on the line-of-sight frequency, the Doppler frequency, and the Rician K factor; and
a device control unit for activating a handover decision based on the cell tower location and the movement.
9. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the finite state machine is estimating the line-of-sight Doppler frequency based on the power spectral density.
10. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising a signal bridge unit for counting samples of the base carrier frequency signal with a channel tap for generation of the power spectral density.
11. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the digital signal processor is determining power magnitudes of the power spectral density.
12. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising an analog to digital converter for estimating a line-of-sight frequency based on the power spectral density.
13. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising a radio frequency receiver for determining a mobile intercept angle of the mobile device.
14. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising a controller for determining a mobile speed of the mobile device.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
coating said dielectric coated anode with a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer;
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer; and wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage of at least 60V wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio of at least 0.46.
2. The capacitor of claim 1 wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio of at least 0.54.
3. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
coating said dielectric coated anode with a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer;
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer; and wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage of at least 60V wherein said capacitor has an anode with a volumetric efficiency of at least 555 \u03bcFcc.
4. The capacitor of claim 3 wherein said capacitor has an anode wherein the product of volumetric efficiency and break down voltage is at least 33,300 V\xb7\u03bcFcc.
5. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
coating said dielectric coated anode with a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer;
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer;
prior to said dipping processing said dielectric coated anode in at least one in-situ polymerization cycle wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage of at least 60V wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio of at least 0.46.
6. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
coating said dielectric coated anode with a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer;
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer;
prior to said dipping processing said dielectric coated anode in at least one in-situ polymerization cycle wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage of at least 60V wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio of at least 0.54.
7. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
coating said dielectric coated anode with a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer;
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer;
prior to said dipping processing said dielectric coated anode in at least one in-situ polymerization cycle wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage of at least 60V wherein said capacitor has an anode with a volumetric efficiency of at least 555 \u03bcFcc.
8. The capacitor of claim 7 wherein said capacitor has an anode wherein the product of volumetric efficiency and break down voltage is at least 33,300 V\xb7\u03bcFcc.
9. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
coating said dielectric coated anode with a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer; and
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage from 60V to 120V wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio of at least 0.46.
10. The capacitor of claim 9 wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio of at least 0.54.
11. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
coating said dielectric coated anode with a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer; and
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage from 60V to 120V wherein said capacitor has an anode with a volumetric efficiency of at least 555 \u03bcFcc.
12. The capacitor of claim 11 wherein said capacitor has an anode wherein the product of volumetric efficiency and break down voltage is at least 33,300 V\xb7\u03bcFcc.
13. A capacitor formed by the method of:
forming an anode from a valve metal selected from tantalum and niobium;
forming a dielectric layer on said anode to form a dielectric coated anode;
dipping said dielectric coated anode into a slurry of intrinsically conductive polymer;
drying said intrinsically conductive polymer;
providing terminations in electrical contact with said anode and said intrinsically conductive polymer; and wherein said capacitor has a breakdown voltage of at least 60V, and a breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio of at least 0.46 and said anode has a product of volumetric efficiency and break down voltage which is at least 33,300 V\xb7\u03bcFcc.
14. The capacitor of claim 13 wherein said breakdown voltage to formation voltage ratio is at least 0.54.