1. A pharmaceutical composition for preparing drug delivery bubbles, comprising:
a drug layer comprising:
an active ingredient comprising a nucleic acid, a peptide or a protein,
a surfactant,
an acidic component and
an effervescent ingredient, whereby the acidic component and effervescent ingredient of the drug layer are dissolved in the water to react for generating carbon dioxide and bubbles thereof, the surfactants surround the carbon dioxide gas core and form a double-layer structure having an inner layer and outer layer and the active ingredient is embedded in a gap formed between the inner layer and the outer layer of the double-layer structure.
2. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a tablet or a capsule.
3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant or a non-ionic surfactant.
4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactants comprise sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, sodium laureth sulfate or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
5. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the effervescent ingredient comprises a carbonate or a bicarbonate.
6. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic ingredient comprises an organic acid or an inorganic acid.
7. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the acidic ingredient comprises diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride (DTPA anhydride).
8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the active ingredient comprises insulin, erythropoietin, somatotropin, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor \u03b1, transforming growth factor \u03b2, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin-like growth factor II, clotting Factor VIII, superoxide dismutase, \u03b1-interferon, \u03b3-interferon, interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor or macrophage colony stimulating factor.
9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a gelatin layer, wherein the drug layer is coated with the gelatin layer.
10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising an enteric layer, wherein the drug layer is coated with the enteric layer.
11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein the enteric coating layer comprises (methyl) acrylic acid copolymer, hydroxypropyl cellulose phthalate ester, hydroxypropyl cellulose acetate ester, hydroxypropyl cellulose acetate succinate ester or carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose.
12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the drug layer further comprises a release controlling component.
13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an oral pharmaceutical composition.
14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is an insulin.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An electromechanical wrench, comprising:
a housing that has a working end and a gripping end, with a driver positioned at the working end, and a handle positioned at the gripping end;
a click wrench emulator mechanism provided at the handle, the mechanism including:
a handle lever that partially extends outside the housing at the handle and which is pivotally coupled to the housing;
a hammer that resides inside the housing and is pivotally coupled to the housing, the hammer having a striking edge that is normally spaced-apart from the handle lever;
a sear pivotally coupled to the housing and having a portion thereof that normally engages the hammer;
a solenoid coupled to the sear; and
wherein the solenoid is actuated to cause the sear to pivot, thereby causing the sear to be disengaged from the hammer, the hammer being biased to cause the striking edge to strike the handle lever.
2. The wrench of claim 1, wherein the hammer has a stepped edge and the sear has a notched edge that normally engages the stepped edge.
3. The wrench of claim 1, wherein the mechanism further includes a hammer spring that is coupled to the handle and the hammer, and which biases the hammer towards the handle lever.
4. The wrench of claim 1, wherein the upper portion of the housing at the handle is opened to allow the hammer to strike the handle lever.
5. The wrench of claim 1, further including a torque sensing beam positioned adjacent the working end, and a signal processing module provided on the torque sensing beam.
6. The wrench of claim 5, further including a display and controller module that is coupled to the signal processing module, the module including a display controller.
7. The wrench of claim 6, wherein the torque sensing beam, and the display and controller module are positioned between the driver and the click wrench emulator mechanism along the housing.
8. The wrench of claim 5, wherein the torque sensing beam is integral with the driver as a unitary working end piece, with the unitary working end piece being removable from the housing.
9. The wrench of claim 5, wherein the signal processing module includes an angle sensor that is either a gyro sensor or an accelerometer.
10. The wrench of claim 9, wherein the signal processing module includes a torque sensor.
11. The wrench of claim 1, further including a vibrator positioned adjacent the handle.
12. A method of counting the number of fasteners secured by an electromechanical wrench during a wrenching job, comprising:
a. setting initial values for 50% and 96% torque levels from the target torque level;
b. initializing the torque value and the bolt counter values;
c. applying torque to a fastener using the wrench, and accumulating angle measurements between the 50% and 96% torque levels at an angle accumulator;
d. if the torque input is greater than or equal to the 50% torque level, then accumulating the angle value, otherwise holding the present angle value until the torque input is greater than or equal to the 50% torque level;
e. upon reaching the 96% torque level, checking the accumulated angle value for a pre-programmed angle allowance, and if the accumulated angle value exceeds the allowance, then the fastener is considered properly installed and the bolt counter is incremented by one, otherwise if the accumulated angle value is less than the accumulated angle value plus the allowance, issuing a signal to indicate that the fastener has been previously installed, and then resetting the angle accumulator; and
f. repeating steps (a)-(e) for additional fasteners until the total number of fasteners counted equals the desired number for the wrenching job.
13. A method of using an electromechanical wrench to secure a fastener using angular measurement without the need for manually establishing a zero reference point, and allowing for ratcheting, comprising:
a. setting a target angle value and initializing a peak torque register;
b. clearing the displayed angle to \u201czero\u201d when torque is first applied to the wrench;
c. applying torque to a fastener using the wrench, accumulating angle and torque measurements, and continuously updating the displayed angle;
d. using both torque and angle signals to correct for angle sensor drift continuously without the need for user input;
e. if the torque value does not increase, then holding the present angle value, otherwise increasing angle measurement if the torque value increases beyond the previously-recorded peak torque value;
f. completing the operation when the angle measurement equals the target angle value.