Author: claimsbot

1. A refrigerator comprising:
an inner case configured to form a storage space, the inner case comprising a first communication hole;
an outer case spaced apart from the inner case, the outer case comprising a second communication hole;
a first support plate disposed on a surface of at least one of the inner case and the outer case, and in a vacuum space between the inner case and the outer case, the first support plate comprising a third communication hole;
spacers disposed between the first support plate and at least the other one of the inner case and the outer case, the spacers being fixed to the first support plate to support and maintain the vacuum space between the inner case and the outer case; and
a connection pipe connecting the first communication hole to the second communication hole, the connection pipe passing through the vacuum space, an external portion of the connection pipe corresponding to the vacuum space and an internal portion of the connection pipe being separated from the vacuum space,
wherein the third communication hole is formed between the first communication hole and the second communication hole, and a diameter of the third communication hole is larger than a diameter of the first communication hole or a diameter of the second communication hole,
wherein the connection pipe comprises a first pipe part and a second pipe part,
wherein a diameter of the external portion of the connection pipe is greater than a diameter of the first communication hole, and the first pipe part is welded to the outer case and the second pipe part is welded to the inner case, and
wherein each of the spacers has a cylindrical shape and comprises convexly curved ends to be received in a plurality of grooves.
2. The refrigerator according to claim 1, wherein the connection pipe comprises a lateral wall corrugation part having an inner diameter area welded to a respective inner diameter area of another piece of the corrugation part and an outer diameter area welded to a respective outer diameter are of another piece of the corrugation part.
3. The refrigerator according to claim 1, wherein:
the first support plate comprises reinforced plastic, and
the connection pipe comprises metal and is welded to the inner case and the outer case.
4. The refrigerator according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the outer diameter area is greater than a distance between two neighboring spacers.
5. The refrigerator according to claim 2, wherein the first pipe part comprises an upper pipe part and the second pipe part comprises a lower pipe part.
6. The refrigerator according to claim 5, wherein a distance between the upper pipe part and the lower pipe part is the same as a distance between the first support plate and the other one of the inner case and the outer case.
7. The refrigerator according to claim 5, wherein a distance between the first support plate and the other one of the inner case and the outer case is greater than a distance between the upper pipe part and the lower pipe part.
8. The refrigerator according to claim 5, wherein a portion of the upper pipe part or a portion of the lower pipe part traverses the third communication hole.
9. A refrigerator comprising:
an inner case comprising a first communication hole;
an outer case spaced apart from the inner case, the outer case comprising a second communication hole;
a connection pipe connecting the first communication hole to the second communication hole, the connection pipe comprising a lateral wall corrugation part having an inner diameter area and an outer diameter area, the connection pipe comprising a first pipe part and a second pipe part,
wherein a diameter of the outer diameter area is greater than a diameter of the first communication hole, and the first pipe part is welded to the outer case and the second pipe part is welded to the inner case, and
wherein the first pipe part comprises an upper pipe part and the second pipe part comprises a lower pipe part.
10. The refrigerator according to claim 9, wherein a diameter of the inner diameter area is the same as the diameter of the first communication hole.
11. The refrigerator according to claim 9, wherein:
the diameter of the outer diameter area is greater than a diameter of the second communication hole, and
the diameter of the inner diameter area is the same as the diameter of the second communication hole.
12. The refrigerator according to claim 9, wherein the lateral wall corrugation part comprises a metal thin film having a thickness between 0.05 mm and 0.2 mm.
13. The refrigerator according to claim 9, wherein an inner surface of the connection pipe is coated by plastic.
14. The refrigerator according to claim 13, wherein a first side wall of the lateral wall corrugation part directly contacts the plastic coating of the connection pipe and a second side wall of the lateral wall corrugation part directly contacts the one of the inner case or the outer case.
15. The refrigerator according to claim 9, wherein the connection pipe comprises metal and is welded to the inner case and the outer case.
16. The refrigerator according to claim 9, wherein a cumulative height of the upper pipe part, the lower pipe part, and the lateral wall corrugation part is the same as a distance between the inner case and the outer case.
17. The refrigerator according to claim 9, wherein a distance between the inner case and the outer case is greater than a distance between the upper pipe part and the lower pipe part.
18. A refrigerator comprising:
an inner case comprising a first communication hole;
an outer case spaced apart from the inner case, the outer case comprising a second communication hole;
spacers configured to maintain a vacuum space between the inner case and the outer case;
a connection pipe connecting the first communication hole to the second communication hole, the connection pipe passing through the vacuum space, an external portion of the connection pipe corresponding to the vacuum space and an internal portion of the connection pipe being separated from the vacuum space,
wherein the connection pipe comprises a first pipe part welded to the outer case and a second pipe part welded to the inner case,
wherein an outer diameter of a lateral wall portion of the connection pipe is greater than a diameter of the first communication hole, is spaced apart a predetermined distance from the spacers, and does not interfere with the spacers, and
wherein the first pipe part comprises an upper pipe part and the second pipe part comprises a lower pipe part.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A back-up tong for assembling or disassembling threaded tubing joints, comprising:
a first gripping mechanism;
a second gripping mechanism;
the first gripping mechanism having a first plurality of jaws for engaging a tubing to prevent rotation of the tubing in a clockwise direction; and
the second gripping mechanism having a second plurality of jaws for engaging the tubing to prevent rotation of the tubing in a counter-clockwise direction;
a first plate, a second plate, and a third plate, where the first gripping mechanism is housed between the first and second plates and where the second gripping mechanism is housed between the second and third plates, and where at least one jaw in the first plurality of jaws and at least one jaw in the second plurality of jaws is connected to the second plate.
2. The back-up tong of claim 1, where the first gripping mechanism further includes a first rotatably mounted ring gear in mesh with the jaws in the first plurality of jaws.
3. The back-up tong of claim 1, where the second gripping mechanism further includes a second rotatably mounted ring gear in mesh with the jaws in the second plurality of jaws.
4. (canceled)
5. The back-up tong of claim 14 where each jaw in the first plurality of jaws is pivotally connected to the first and second plates.
6. The back-up tong of claim 14 where each jaw in the second plurality of jaws is pivotally connected to second and third plates.
7. The back-up tong of claim 4, where each jaw in the first plurality of jaws is pivotally connected to the first and second plates and each jaw in the second plurality of jaws is pivotally connected to the second and third plates, and where each jaw of the first plurality of jaws has a pivot point and each jaw of the second plurality of jaws has a pivot point and where the pivot point of each jaw in the first plurality of jaws is axially offset from the pivot points of each jaw in the second plurality of jaws.
8. The back-up tong of claim 7 where each jaw in the first plurality of jaws is pivotally connected by a pivot pin extending through aligning holes in the first and second plates and the jaws in the first plurality of jaws, and where each jaw in the second plurality of jaws is pivotally connected by a pivot pin extending through aligning holes in the second and third plates and the jaws in the second plurality of jaws.
9. A back-up tong for assembling or disassembling threaded tubing joints, comprising:
a tong head having a top plate, an intermediate plate and a bottom plate,
a first gripping mechanism positioned between the top and intermediate plates;
a second gripping mechanism positioned between the intermediate and bottom plates;
the first gripping mechanism having a first ring gear rotatably mounted between the top and intermediate plates and a plurality of first jaws pivotally connected to the top and intermediate plates and in mesh with the first ring gear such that rotation of the first ring gear pivots the first jaws between a retracted position and a gripping position; and
the second gripping mechanism having a second ring gear rotatably mounted between the intermediate and bottom plates and a plurality of second jaws pivotally connected to the intermediate and bottom plates and in mesh with the second ring gear such that rotation of the second ring gear pivots the second jaws between a retracted position and a gripping position
10. The back-up tong of claim 9, where the first jaws each have a toothed end in mesh with the first ring gear and where the second jaws each have a toothed end in mesh with the second ring gear.
11. The back-up tong of claim 10, where both the first and second ring gears have teeth along an interior circumference for meshing with the first jaws and second jaws respectively.
12. The back-up tong of claim 9 where an outer circumference of the first ring gear is supported by at least two radial spacers mounted to the top plate.
13. The back-up tong of claim 9 where an outer circumference of the second ring gear is supported by at least two radial spacers mounted to the bottom plate.

1. A device housing, comprising:
a plastic substrate;
a base paint layer formed on a surface of the substrate;
a vacuum coated layer formed on the base paint layer, the vacuum coated layer having a metallic appearance;
a transparent middle paint layer formed on the vacuum coated layer;
a pattern layer formed on parts of the middle paint layer; and
a transparent top paint layer formed on the surface of the pattern layer and the parts of the middle paint layer not covered by the pattern layer, the top paint layer being made of a paint having a soft tactility.
2. The device housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the vacuum coated layer is formed by a metallic material.
3. The device housing as claimed in claim 2, wherein the metallic material is selected from a group consisting of indium, aluminum, titanium, tin, chromium, aurum, vanadium, stainless steel and indium-tin alloy.
4. The device housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the vacuum coated layer is formed by a non-metallic material.
5. The device housing as claimed in claim 4, wherein the non-metallic material is selected from a group consisting of titanium carbide, titanium nitride, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide.
6. The device housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the middle paint layer is painted with a colorless paint or a colorized paint.
7. The device housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pattern layer is made of a colorized ink.
8. The device housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the top paint layer is made of acrylic lacquer or polyurethane lacquer.
9. A method for making a device housing, comprising the steps of:
providing a plastic substrate;
forming a base paint layer on a surface of the substrate;
forming a vacuum coated layer on the base paint layer, the vacuum coated layer having a metallic appearance;
forming a transparent middle paint layer on the vacuum coated layer;
forming a pattern layer on part of the middle paint layer; and
forming a transparent top paint layer on the surface of the pattern layer and the parts of the middle paint layer not covered by the pattern layer, the top paint layer made of a paint having soft tactility.
10. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 9, wherein the vacuum coated layer is formed by vacuum evaporating or vacuum sputtering.
11. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 10, wherein the target for forming the vacuum coated layer is made of a metallic material.
12. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 11, wherein the metallic material is selected from indium, aluminum, titanium, tin, chromium, aurum, vanadium, stainless steel and indium-tin alloy.
13. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 9, wherein the target for forming the vacuum coated layer is made of a metallic material.
14. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 13, wherein the metallic material is selected from titanium carbide, titanium nitride, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide.
15. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 9, wherein the middle paint layer is painted with a colorless paint or a colorized paint.
16. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 9, wherein the pattern layer is made of a colorized ink.
17. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 16, wherein the pattern layer is formed by screen printing or pad printing.
18. The method for making a device housing as claimed in claim 9, wherein the top paint layer is made of acrylic lacquer or polyurethane lacquer.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An apparatus for determining a resistivity parameter of an earth formation, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a logging tool in a borehole in the earth formation, the logging tool having at least one measurement electrode that conveys a measure current into the earth formation;
(b) at least one guard electrode associated with the at least one measurement electrode that focuses the measure current;
(c) a shielding electrode interposed between the at least one guard electrode and the at least one measurement electrode; and
(d) circuitry that minimizes a current flow between the at least one measurement electrode and the shielding electrode.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the circuitry includes a processor that alters at least one of (i) a potential of the at least one measurement electrode, (ii) a current supplied to the at least one measurement electrode, (iii) an impedance between the at least one guard electrode and the at least one measurement electrode, and (iv) a potential of the at least one guard electrode.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a processor that determines from the measure current and a potential of at least one of (i) the guard electrode, and (ii) the measurement electrode an apparent resistance related to the resistivity parameter.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the processor determines the apparent resistance by using a relation of the form:
\u03c1
a

=

k
\xb7
U

M
\u2062

\u2003

\u2062
G
I
M
where \u03c1\u03b1 is the apparent resistivity, k is a calibration factor, UMG is the voltage of at least one of (i) the guard, and (ii) the measurement electrode relative to a reference potential, and IM is the measure current.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the parameter of interest comprises a formation resistivity and wherein the processor further determines the formation resistivity from the apparent resistance.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the determined apparent resistance is substantially independent of at least one of (i) a standoff of the logging tool, and (ii) a resistivity of a fluid in the borehole.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein there is a standoff of between about 2 mm and about 10 mm between the logging tool and a wall of the borehole.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a conveyance device which conveys the logging tool into the borehole, the conveyance device being selected from the group consisting of (i) a drilling tubular with a bottomhole assembly carrying the logging tool, and (ii) a wireline.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an orientation sensor that provides an output indicative of an orientation angle of the logging tool, the apparatus including a processor which produces a resistivity image of the formation using an output of the orientation sensor
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a size of the at least one measurement electrode is greater than a size of the measure current at a wall of the borehole.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one shielding electrode further comprises at least one second shielding electrode surrounding the at least one guard electrode.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising insulators positioned between (i) the at least one measurement electrode and the shielding electrode, and (ii) the shielding electrode and the at least one guard electrode.
13. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the processor is at one of (i) a surface location, and, (ii) a downhole location.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one measurement electrode, the shielding electrode and the at least one guard electrode comprise ring electrodes.
15. A method of determining a resistivity parameter of an earth formation, the method comprising:
(a) conveying a measure current into the earth formation using a measurement electrode on a logging tool in the earth formation;
(b) focusing the measure current using a guard electrode on the logging tool;
(c) shielding the measurement electrode from the guard electrode; and
(d) minimizing a current flow between the measurement electrode and the shielding electrode.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein minimizing the current flow further comprises at least one of (i) altering a potential of the measurement electrode, (ii) altering a current supplied to the measurement electrode, (iii) altering an impedance between the guard electrode and the measurement electrode, and (iv) altering a potential of the guard electrode.
17. The method of claim 15 further comprising determining from the measure current and a potential of at least one of (i) the guard electrode, and (ii) the measurement electrode an apparent resistance related to the resistivity parameter.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein determining the apparent resistance further comprises by using a relation of the form:
\u03c1
a

=

k
\xb7
U
MG
I
M
where \u03c1\u03b1 is the apparent resistivity, k is a calibration factor, UMG is the voltage of at least one of (i) the guard, and (ii) the measurement electrode relative to a reference potential, and IM is the measure current.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein the resistivity parameter comprises a formation resistivity determined from the apparent resistance.
20. The method of claim 17 wherein the determined apparent resistance is substantially independent of at least one of (i) a standoff of the logging tool, and (ii) a resistivity of a fluid in the borehole.
21. The method of claim 15 further comprising conveying the logging tool into the borehole on one of (i) a drilling tubular with a bottomhole assembly carrying the logging tool, and (ii) a wireline.
22. The method of claim 15 further comprising producing a resistivity image of the formation using orientation measurements.
23. A computer readable medium for use with a logging tool used in a borehole in an earth formation, the logging tool comprising:
(a) a measurement electrode which conveys a measure current into the earth formation;
(b) a guard electrode which focuses the measure current; and
(c) a shielding electrode positioned between the guard electrode and the measurement electrode, the medium comprising instructions enabling:
(d) minimizing a current flow between the measurement electrode and the shielding electrode; and
(e) determination of an apparent resistance from a potential of the guard or measurement electrode and the measure current.
24. The medium of claim 23 selected from the group consisting of: (i) a ROM, (ii) an EPROM, (iii) an EAROM, (iv) a Flash Memory, and (v) an Optical disk.