Author: claimsbot

1. A method of network gateway authenticating, comprising:
a network gateway receiving an authentication request from a communications terminal, the communications terminal being in communication with an identity token, the authentication request including a token cryptogram generated from a cryptographic key stored on the identity token;
the network gateway transmitting the authentication request to a communications network; and
the network gateway receiving an authentication response from the communications network in accordance with a validity of the token cryptogram, the authentication response including a gateway authentication certificate, the gateway authentication certificate being configured to authenticate the network gateway to a network device of the communications network.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the authentication request includes a credential, the authentication response receiving comprises the network gateway associating the gateway authentication certificate with the credential, and the method further comprises the network gateway authenticating to the network device via the credential and the associated gateway authentication certificate.
3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the network gateway receiving a validation request from the communications terminal, and facilitating authentication of the communications terminal to the network device via the gateway authentication certificate and the validation request.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the facilitating the authentication of the communications terminal comprises the network gateway using the validation request to locate the gateway authentication certificate associated with the credential, using the located gateway authentication certificate to establish an encrypted connection with the communications network, and transmitting the validation request to the communications network over the encrypted connection.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the credential is associated with the communications terminal.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the network device determines the validity of the token cryptogram.
7. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the communications terminal generating a terminal activation request from the credential and from a private encryption key, and the network gateway generating an activation response from the terminal activation request, the activation response including a terminal authentication certificate, the terminal authentication certificate being configured to facilitate authentication of the communications terminal to the network gateway.
8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising the communications terminal determining a validity of the terminal authentication certificate and, in accordance with an outcome of the terminal authentication certificate validity determining, authenticating to the network gateway by establishing an encrypted connection with the network gateway using the terminal authentication certificate.
9. A computer-readable medium comprising computer processing instructions stored thereon for execution by a network gateway, the computer processing instructions, when executed by the network gateway, causing the network gateway to perform the method of claim 1.
10. A network gateway, comprising:
a gateway authenticator configured to communicate with a communications terminal and to (i) receive an authentication request from the communications terminal, the authentication request including a token cryptogram generated from a cryptographic key stored on an identity token interfaced with the communications terminal, (ii) transmit the authentication request to a communications network, and (iii) receive an authentication response from the communications network in accordance with a validity of the token cryptogram, the authentication response including a gateway authentication certificate, the gateway authentication certificate being configured to authenticate the network gateway to a network device of the communications network.
11. The network gateway according to claim 10, wherein the network gateway is configured to associate the gateway authentication certificate with a credential received from the communications terminal, and to authenticate to the network device of the communications network via the credential and the associated gateway authentication certificate.
12. The network gateway according to claim 11, wherein the network gateway is configured to receive a validation request from the communications terminal, and to facilitate authentication of the communications terminal to the network device of the communications network via the gateway authentication certificate and the validation request.
13. The network gateway according to claim 12, wherein the network gateway is configured to facilitate the authentication of the communications terminal by (i) using the validation request to locate the gateway authentication certificate associated with the credential, (ii) using the located gateway authentication certificate to establish an encrypted connection with the communications network, and (iii) transmitting the validation request to the communications network over the encrypted connection.
14. The network gateway according to claim 13, wherein the credential is associated with the communications terminal.
15. The network gateway according to claim 10, wherein the network device determines the validity of the token cryptogram.
16. An authentication network, comprising:
a communications terminal including a token interface for interfacing an identity token with the communications terminal; and
a network gateway in communication with the communications terminal, the network gateway being configured to (i) receive an authentication request from the communications terminal, the authentication request including a token cryptogram generated from a cryptographic key stored on the identity token, (ii) transmit the authentication request to a communications network, and (iii) receive an authentication response from the communications network in accordance with a validity of the token cryptogram, the authentication response including a gateway authentication certificate, the gateway authentication certificate being configured to authenticate the network gateway to a network device of the communications network.
17. The authentication network according to claim 16, wherein the network gateway is configured to associate the gateway authentication certificate with a credential received from the communications terminal, and to authenticate to the network device of the communications network via the credential and the associated gateway authentication certificate.
18. The authentication network according to claim 17, wherein the network gateway is configured to receive a validation request from the communications terminal, and to facilitate authentication of the communications terminal to the network device of the communications network via the gateway authentication certificate and the validation request.
19. The authentication network according to claim 18, wherein the network gateway is configured to facilitate the authentication of the communications terminal by (i) using the validation request to locate the gateway authentication certificate associated with the credential, (ii) using the located gateway authentication certificate to establish an encrypted connection with the communications network, and (iii) transmitting the validation request to the communications network over the encrypted connection.
20. The authentication network according to claim 16, wherein the network device determines the validity of the token cryptogram.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An air-fuel ratio control apparatus of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
an air-fuel ratio sensor capable of detecting a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and provided in an exhaust gas passage of an engine; and
a controller selectively performing an air-fuel ratio feedback control to bring an air-fuel ratio of the engine toward a target air-fuel ratio on the basis of an output from the air-fuel ratio sensor, in which the target air-fuel ratio is a rich air-fuel ratio when the engine is operated in a rich operational region where fuel supply to the engine is increased,
the air-fuel ratio feedback control being performed with a feedback coefficient for selectively bringing the air-fuel ratio toward the target air-fuel ratio and performed by selectively limiting the feedback coefficient at a limit value, in which the limit value used in the rich operational region is determined such that the feedback coefficient is generally limited as compared to a limit value used in an operational region other than the rich operational region.
2. The air-fuel ratio control apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein
the air-fuel ratio control is performed with a sliding mode control, an inclination of a transfer function for the sliding mode control used in the rich operational region is smaller as compared to that used in the operational region other than the rich operational region.
3. The air-fuel ratio control apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein
the air-fuel ratio control is performed with at least one of a Proportional Integral (PI) control and a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control, a proportional portion used in the rich operational region being smaller as compared to that used in the operational region other than the rich operational region.
4. The air-fuel ratio control apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein
the air-fuel ratio control is performed with at least one of a Proportional Integral (PI) control and a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control, an integral portion used in the rich operational region being smaller as compared to that used in the operational region other than the rich operational region.
5. An air-fuel ratio control method of an internal combustion engine having an air-fuel ratio sensor capable of detecting a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in an exhaust gas of the engine, comprising:
determining whether an engine is operated in a rich operational region where fuel supply to the engine is increased, and
performing an air-fuel ratio feedback control for bringing an air-fuel ratio of the engine toward a target air-fuel ratio on the basis of an output from the air-fuel ratio sensor, in which the target air-fuel ratio is a rich air-fuel ratio when the engine is in the rich operational region, the air-fuel ratio feedback control being performed with a feedback coefficient selectively bringing the air-fuel ratio toward the target air-fuel ratio and performed by selectively limiting the feedback coefficient at a limit value, the limit value used in the rich operational region being determined such that the feedback coefficient is generally limited as compared to a limit value used in an operational region other than the rich operational region.

1. An internet billing system which is to bill service charge resulting from the use of contents in a contents provider’s website by an internet user, and comprises a billing center, a wired and wireless contents provider, a billing gateway for an interface of the billing center and a financial agency;
wherein the contents provider comprises
a web server for an internet user to use contents by connecting to a contents provider through the internet, and
a billing client providing a service according to a request of a client and transmitting diverse information on billing to a billing server after completing a user authorization and a balance identification by the request of a user through a connection to a billing center,
the billing center comprises
a web server to connect to the above billing center for an internet user or a wired or wireless contents provider,
a billing server which handles the request of a billing client (330) which transmits menu information. authorizes a user, examines balance. creates billing log to serve in the contents provider’s site,
a DB server which manages a user DB storing information on users, a contents log statement DB recording a client’s log statement on contents, a balance DB storing balance of users, a contents provider’s DB storing information on a contents provider and a billing log DB storing history on billing. and
a billing treatment client which performs paying expenses resulting from use of contents by a user in connection to a financial agency through the aforementioned billing gateway.
2. An Internet billing system according to the claim 1,
wherein the aforementioned billing center contains an additional time server to measure time, and the time server measures the internet user’s served time on the contents assigned to a time meter rate plan and notifies the service time to a billing server.
3. An internet billing plan which is to bill service charges resulting from the use of contents in a contents provider’s website by an internet user by employing a billing system which comprise a billing center, a contents provider connected to the billing center, a billing gateway for an interface of the billing center and a financial agency,
which is characterized by
an internet user registration step in which an internet user registers in the above billing center,
a contents provider registration step in which the above contents provider registers in the above billing center and installs a billing client program,
a contents use request step in which the above internet user requests the use of contents provided by the above contents provider,
a contents offering step in which the above billing client program requests contents asked by the above internet user to the above billing server of the billing center followed by the offering of the contents authorized by the above billing server to the internet users, and
a billing step in which the above billing client bills users according to an itemized served contents statement.
4. An internet billing plan according to the claim 1,
wherein the above contents provider registration step comprises
a step in which the above contents provider register while providing information about itself,
a step in which the above billing center stores contents provider’s information to a database endows with a code and the client program endowed with a code is provided to the contents provider.
a step in which the above contents provider installs the above client program, and
a menu registration step in which the above contents provider registers a directory or a service file classified by a billing plan to the billing center.
5. An internet billing plan according to the claim 1,
wherein in a packet meter rate plan the contents is provided to an internet user if the price assigned to the size of contents requested by an internet user is less than the user’s balance.
6. An internet billing plan according to the claim 1,
wherein in a session meter rate plan the contents is provided to an internet user if the price assigned to a session is less than the user’s balance in case of a newly begin session.
7. An internet billing plan according to the claim 1,
wherein in a time meter rate plan the contents is provided to an internet user if the price assigned to a predetermined interval since the beginning of a specific menu by the internet user is less than the user’s balance.
8. An Internet billing plan according to any claim from the claim 3 to claim 7,
which additionally comprises a step in which the above internet user purchase a contents exchange ticket by connecting to the above billing center,
a step in which the above billing center renews the user’s balance database according to the contents exchange ticket amount purchased by the above internet user and
a step in which the amount resulting from the use contents by the internet user is subtracted from the balance of the balance database.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A ferroelectric capacitor, comprising:
a first electrode comprising an alloy of Ir and Ru;
a ferroelectric layer disposed on the first electrode; and
a second electrode disposed on the ferroelectric layer.
2. The ferroelectric capacitor of claim 1, wherein the alloy is a multi-phase alloy, a first phase and a second phase of the multi-phase alloy each containing Ir and Ru.
3. The ferroelectric capacitor of claim 1, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 30 to 70 atomic percent.
4. The ferroelectric capacitor of claim 1, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 55 atomic percent.
5. The ferroelectric capacitor of claim 1, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 45 atomic percent.
6. The ferroelectric capacitor of claim 1, wherein the alloy has an average composition of about Ru40Ir60.
7. The ferroelectric capacitor of claim 1, wherein the ferroelectric layer comprises one of lead-zirconate-titanate, strontium-bismuth-tantalate, bismuth-lanthanum-titanate and barium-strontium-titanate.
8. A ferroelectric memory, comprising:
a substrate; and
a plurality of memory cells arranged on the substrate, each memory cell comprising
a first electrode comprising an alloy of Ir and Ru,
a ferroelectric layer disposed on the first electrode, and
a second electrode disposed on the ferroelectric layer.
9. The ferroelectric memory of claim 8, wherein the alloy is a multi-phase alloy, a first phase and a second phase of the multi-phase alloy each containing Ir and Ru.
10. The ferroelectric memory of claim 8, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 30 to 70 atomic percent.
11. The ferroelectric memory of claim 8, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 55 atomic percent.
12. The ferroelectric memory of claim 8, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 45 atomic percent.
13. The ferroelectric memory of claim 8, wherein the alloy has an average composition of about Ru40Ir60.
14. The ferroelectric memory of claim 8, wherein the ferroelectric layer comprises one of lead-zirconate-titanate, strontium-bismuth-tantalate, bismuth-lanthanum-titanate and barium-strontium-titanate.
15. The ferroelectric memory of claim 8, further comprising a barrier layer disposed at a surface of the second electrode, the second electrode being arranged between the barrier layer and the ferroelectric layer.
16. A method of fabricating a ferroelectric capacitor, comprising:
forming a first electrode comprising an alloy of Ir and Ru;
forming a ferroelectric layer on the first electrode; and
forming a second electrode on the ferroelectric layer.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the alloy is a multi-phase alloy, a first phase and a second phase of the multi-phase alloy each containing Ir and Ru.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 30 to 70 atomic percent.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 55 atomic percent.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 45 atomic percent.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein the alloy has an average composition of about Ru40Ir60.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein the ferroelectric layer comprises one of lead-zirconate-titanate, strontium-bismuth-tantalate, bismuth-lanthanum-titanate and barium-strontium-titanate.
23. The method claim 16, wherein forming the first electrode comprises depositing the first electrode by one of sputtering, chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition.
24. A method of fabricating a ferroelectric memory, comprising:
forming a plurality of memory cells on a substrate, wherein each memory cell includes
a first electrode comprising an alloy of Ir and Ru,
a ferroelectric layer disposed on the first electrode, and
a second electrode disposed on the ferroelectric layer.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the alloy is a multi-phase alloy, a first phase and a second phase of the multi-phase alloy each containing Ir and Ru.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 30 to 70 atomic percent.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 55 atomic percent.
28. The method of claim 24, wherein the alloy has an average composition of RuxIr1\u2212x, x being in the range of 35 to 45 atomic percent.
29. The method of claim 24, wherein the alloy has an average composition of about Ru40Ir60.
30. The method of claim 24, wherein the ferroelectric layer comprises one of lead-zirconate-titanate, strontium-bismuth-tantalate, bismuth-lanthanum-titanate and barium-strontium-titanate.
31. The method of claim 24, comprising depositing the first electrode by one of sputtering, chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition.
32. The method of claim 24, wherein forming the first electrode comprises depositing the first electrode by one of sputtering, chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition.
33. The method of claim 24, comprising forming a barrier layer at a surface of the second electrode, the second electrode being arranged between the barrier layer and the ferroelectric layer.