Author: claimsbot

What is claimed is:

1. A method for establishing a predictive maintenance database in a computer that defines information needed for a user to monitor components in accordance with a predictive maintenance plan, comprising:
identifying a component type corresponding to a particular component to be monitored;
providing a master file of information that includes at least component identification information and corresponding additional information related to the type of measurements needed by the predictive maintenance plan;
searching the master file for component identification information corresponding to the identified component type to produce at least one set of component identification information and selecting a set of selected component identification information from the at least one set of component identification information; and
constructing information for a predictive maintenance or the component to be monitored using the set of selected component identification information and the additional information corresponding to the set of selected component identification information.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said providing step further comprises:
providing a knowledge base in the computer that defines relationships between monitoring practices, component types and physical characteristic information for component types; and
providing an inference engine in the computer;
and wherein said constructing step further comprises:
operating in part on said knowledge base with said inference engine to construct database information.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said providing step includes providing component identification information in the form of a model number for components, and wherein said searching step includes selecting a best fit set of component identification information representing the closest relationship between a set of component identification information and the identified component type.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said searching step includes searching the master file based on model number.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said searching step includes searching the master file based on physical criteria of the component.
6. A method for establishing a predictive maintenance database in a computer that defines information needed to monitor components in accordance with a predictive maintenance plan, comprising:
identifying a component type corresponding to a particular component to be monitored;
identifying physical characteristic information corresponding to the identified component type and the particular component to be monitored;
providing a knowledge base in the computer that defines relationships between monitoring practices, component types and physical characteristic information for component types;
providing an inference engine in the computer for operating in part on said knowledge base to construct predictive maintenance databases; and
constructing information for a predictive maintenance database for each component to be monitored using the inference engine operating on the knowledge base, the selected component type and the selected physical characteristic information.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein constructing said database information further comprises defining the type of data to be measured for the identified component type and defining measurement points on the component from which data will be measured.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein said constructing step further comprises defining an analysis parameter set including set-up parameters for use by a data collection instrument to collect data in accordance with the predictive maintenance database.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein said constructing step includes defining an alarm limit set including alarm limits delineating normal and abnormal component operation for data measured in accordance with the database.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein said constructing step includes recommending a plurality of measurement points for measuring operating characteristics of the component in accordance with the predictive maintenance plan.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said constructing step further comprises specifying a recommended type of component operating characteristic to be measured at each of said plurality of measurement points.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said constructing step further comprises specifying a recommended alarm limit delineating normal and abnormal component operation for a recommended type of component operating characteristic to be measured at a particular one of the plurality of measurement points.
13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
providing and displaying an image illustrating the component type; and
displaying locations on the component image corresponding to one or more of said plurality of measurement points.
14. The method of claim 6, further comprising obtaining data in accordance with the predictive maintenance database.
15. The method of claim 6, further comprising specifying an operational significance of the selected component type.
16. The method of claim 6, further comprising editing information contained in the knowledge base.
17. The method of claim 6, further comprising storing the identified component type and physical characteristic information as stored user-defined components, and selecting one of the stored user-defined components to thereby identify a component type and physical characteristic information for establishing additional predictive maintenance databases.
18. The method of claim 6 wherein said identifying steps include:
providing a warehouse containing a list of component types and associated physical characteristic information; and
selecting a component type from said list.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising modifying information contained in the warehouse.
20. The method of claim 6 further comprising specifying a measurement technology for use in monitoring a component type and wherein said constructing step produces a predictive maintenance database corresponding to said measurement technology.
21. A programmable apparatus for establishing a predictive maintenance database defining information needed to monitor components in accordance with a predictive maintenance plan, the apparatus comprising:
a memory having a knowledge base defining relationships between monitoring practices, component types and physical characteristic information for component types;
a data processor having an inference engine for operating in part on said knowledge base to construct database information for a predictive maintenance database; and
a user interface for inputting user commands to the data processor including commands that:
(a) identify a component type corresponding to a particular component to be monitored;
(b) identify physical characteristic information corresponding to the identified component type and the particular component to be monitored; and

said data processor further comprising means for constructing information for a predictive maintenance database for each component to be monitored using the inference engine operating on the knowledge base, the selected component type and the selected physical characteristic information.
22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said data processor is further operable to operate in part on said hueristic knowledge base to construct a predictive maintenance database defining measurement points, monitoring schedules, data to be measured, and alarm limits delineating normal and abnormal component operation to be applied to the measured data.
23. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said data processor is further operable to construct a predictive maintenance database by defining an analysis parameter set which includes set-up parameters for use by a data collection instrument to collect data in accordance with the predictive maintenance plan.
24. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said data processor is further operable to construct a predictive maintenance database by defining an alarm limit set including a plurality of alarm limits delineating normal and abnormal component operation for data measured in accordance with the database.
25. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising:
a display connected to said data processor for displaying the images of the component types.
26. A method for establishing a predictive maintenance database in a computer that defines information needed for a user to monitor components in accordance with a predictive maintenance plan, comprising:
displaying a plurality of component groups, prompting a user to select at least one of the component groups, and receiving a user input identifying a selected component group corresponding to a particular component to be monitored;
displaying a plurality of component types corresponding to the selected group, prompting the user to select at least one of the component types, and receiving a user input identifying a selected component type corresponding to the particular component to be monitored;
displaying physical characteristic types corresponding to the selected component type, prompting the user to provide physical characteristic information corresponding to the physical characteristic types to farther define the particular component to be monitored, and accepting physical characteristic information provided by the user;
providing a knowledge base in the computer that defines relationships between monitoring practices and component types and physical characteristic information for component types;
providing an inference engine in the computer for constructing database information for a predictive maintenance database based in part on said knowledge base;
using the knowledge base to select measurement specifications based on the selected component type and the physical characteristic information provided by the user; and
constructing database information for the predictive maintenance database for the particular component to be monitored using the inference engine operating on the knowledge base, the selected component type, the selected physical characteristic information, and the user defined measurement specifications.
27. The method of claim 26, further comprising prompting a user to accept or modify the measurement specifications and producing user defined measurement specifications based on the user’s response to said prompting.
28. The method of claim 26, further comprising obtaining predictive maintenance data in accordance with the predictive maintenance database constructed for the components to be monitored.
29. The method of claim 28 further comprising the step of comparing predictive maintenance data to a criterion, and indicating an alarm condition when the criterion is met.
30. The method of claim 26 further comprising: defining the type of data to be measured for the identified component type, and constructing the predictive maintenance database to correspond to the type of data.
31. The method of claim 26 wherein said constructing step includes defining an analysis parameter set including set-up parameters for use by a data collection instrument to collect data in accordance with the predictive maintenance database.
32. The method of claim 26 wherein said constructing step includes defining an alarm limit set including alarm limits delineating normal and abnormal component operation for data measured in accordance with the database.
33. The method of claim 26, further comprising storing the selected component type and the selected physical characteristic information for use in establishing further predictive maintenance databases.
34. A method for establishing a predictive maintenance database in a computer that defines information needed for a user to monitor a configuration of components defined by a plurality of interconnected components in accordance with a predictive maintenance plan, comprising:
defining a configuration of components by:
displaying a first plurality of component groups,
prompting a user to select at least one of the component groups to produce a first selected group,
receiving a user input identifying a first selected component group, corresponding to a first component in the configuration;
displaying a first plurality of component types corresponding to the first selected group,
prompting the user to select at least one of the component types to produce a first selected component type,
receiving a user input identifying a first selected component type corresponding to the first component;
displaying physical characteristic types corresponding to the first selected component type,
prompting the user to provide physical characteristic information corresponding to the physical characteristic types to further define the first selected component type,
accepting physical characteristic information provided by the user;
displaying a second plurality of component groups,
prompting a user to select at least one of the component groups to produce a second selected group,
receiving a user input identifying a second selected component group corresponding to a second component in the configuration;
displaying a second plurality of component types corresponding to the second selected group,
prompting the user to select at least one of the component types to produce a second selected component type,
receiving a user input identifying a second selected component type corresponding to the second component;
displaying physical characteristic types corresponding to the second selected component type,
prompting the user to provide physical characteristic information corresponding to the physical characteristic types to further define the second selected component type,
accepting physical characteristic information provided by the user corresponding to the second selected component type;
displaying a plurality of spatial orientations, interconnection arrangements, and types of couplings,
prompting the user to select a spatial orientation, interconnection arrangement, and coupling type,
receiving user inputs identifying a selected spatial orientation, interconnection arrangement, and coupling type to define a selected configuration corresponding to a physical interconnection between the first and second selected component types;

providing a knowledge base in the computer that defines relationships between monitoring practices and configuration types and physical characteristic information for configuration types;
providing an inference engine in the computer for constructing database information for a predictive maintenance database based in part on said knowledge base;
using the knowledge base to select measurement specifications based on the selected configuration and the physical characteristic information provided by the user; and
constructing database information for the predictive maintenance database for the particular configuration to be monitored using the inference engine operating on the knowledge base, the selected configuration, the selected physical characteristic information, and the user defined measurement specifications.
35. The method of claim 34, further comprising storing the selected configuration, the selected physical characteristic information, and the user defined measurement specifications for establishing further predictive maintenance databases.
36. A data processing apparatus for defining component configurations, the data processing apparatus including a user interface for receiving commands and data from a user and comprising:
a component design studio for displaying a plurality of component types, for responding to user inputs, to select a component type and for displaying the selected component type;
a first user interface screen responsive to user input and the selected component type for prompting the user to provide physical parameter information related to the selected component type and for accepting parameter information provided by the user; and
processing means for defining a component configuration based upon at least the selected component type and the parameter information.
37. The apparatus of claim 36 further comprising:
a second user interface screen responsive to the selected component type for prompting the user to provide analysis information related to analysis of data and for accepting the analysis information that is input by the user; and
wherein said processing means is responsive to the selected component type, the parameter information and the analysis information for defining a component configuration.
38. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein said component design studio further comprises means for displaying a plurality of predictive measurement technologies and for responding to user inputs to select at least one predictive maintenance technology.
39. The apparatus of claim 38 when said first user interface screen is responsive to the selected predictive maintenance technology for prompting the user to provide parameter information corresponding to the selected predictive maintenance technology.
40. The apparatus of claim 36 further comprising:
a second user interface screen responsive to user input and the selected component type for prompting the user to provide analysis information related to analysis of data and for accepting analysis information;
said processing means being responsive to the selected component type, the parameter information and the analysis information for defining a component configuration;
said component design studio further comprising means for displaying a plurality of predictive maintenance technologies and for responding to user inputs to select at least one predictive maintenance technology; and
said first user interface screen and said second user interface screen being responsive to the selected predictive maintenance technology for prompting the user to provide, respectively, parameter information and analysis information corresponding to the selected predictive maintenance technology.
41. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein said computer design studio graphically displays a plurality of component types including couplings for being selected by a user, selects a plurality of component types based on user input, graphically displays the plurality of selected component types, graphically represents the position of each selected component type to each of the other selected component types and graphically represents couplings connected between other component types.
42. A method for graphically associating a plurality of machine components in a computer to define an equipment configuration for use in establishing a predictive maintenance database for the equipment configuration, comprising:
identifying a first component type corresponding to a first component to be monitored, said first component type having a plurality of first physical component parameters;
specifying first component information corresponding to one or more of said plurality of first physical component parameters;
producing a first component configuration from the identified first component type and first component information;
identifying a second component type corresponding to a second component to be monitored, said second component type having a plurality of second physical component parameters;
specifying second component information corresponding to one or more of said plurality of second physical component parameters;
producing a second component configuration from the identified second component type and second component information;
defining a physical coupling between the first component type and the second component type; and
producing an equipment configuration from the first component configuration, the second component configuration, and the physical interconnection.
43. The method of claim 42, further comprising:
associating with the first component type at least one of a plurality of measurement technologies to produce one or more selected measurement technologies; and
constructing a predictive maintenance database based on the identified first component type, the first component information, and said one or more selected measurement technologies.
44. A method for establishing a predictive maintenance database in a computer that defines information needed to monitor components in accordance with a predictive maintenance plan, comprising:
identifying a component type corresponding to a particular component to be monitored;
identifying physical characteristic information corresponding to the identified component type and the particular component to be monitored;
providing a set of rules in the computer which define relationships between monitoring practices, component types and physical characteristic information for component types;
associating a type of data to be collected with the identified component type and the identified physical characteristic information; and
constructing a predictive maintenance database for the particular component to be monitored using the set of rules operating on the identified component type, the identified physical characteristic information, and the type of data to be collected.
45. The method of claim 44 wherein said step of associating includes associating a vibration measurement technology as the type of data to be collected.
46. A programmable apparatus for establishing a predictive maintenance database defining information needed to monitor components in accordance with a predictive maintenance plan, the apparatus comprising:
a memory having a master file of information in the computer that includes at least component identification information and corresponding predictive maintenance database information that specifies the types of measurements needed by the predictive maintenance plan for each component in the master file;
a user interface for inputting user commands including commands that provide component identification information and thereby identify components to be monitored;
a data processor for receiving commands from the user interface and having a search engine for searching the master file for component identification information corresponding to an identified component to produce at least one set of component identification information and selecting a set of selected component identification information from the at least one set of component identification information; and
said data processor further comprising means for constructing database information for a predictive maintenance database for an identified component to be monitored using the set of selected component identification information and the predictive database information corresponding to the set of selected component identification information.
47. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said component identification information is selected from the following group: a manufacturer name for components, a model number for component, and physical criteria corresponding to physical characteristics of components.
48. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said predictive database information is selected from the following group: a type of measurement analysis to be performed in accordance with the predictive maintenance plan, measurement point locations identifying points on components where predictive maintenenance data is to be measured in accordance with the predictive maintenance plan, and spectral analysis parameters to be employed for collection of spectral data.
49. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said search engine further comprises means for automatically selecting a best fit set of component identification information representing the closest relationship between a set of component identification information and the identified component type.
50. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said search engine further comprises means for producing a plurality of records of component identification information and selecting a best fit set of component identification information from the plurality of records of component identification information.
51. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said search engine further comprises means for searching the master file based on at least one of the following group: manufacturer name, model number, and physical criteria of the component.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A permanent magnet rotor comprising:
a plurality of permanent magnet pieces fixed in a plurality of magnet attaching segments provided on the outer periphery or inner periphery thereof, respectively, and
a rotor iron core with concaves each provided between the permanent magnet pieces adjacent to each other and protrusions each provided in each the concaves to protrude outwardly in the radial direction thereof, wherein
between a sandwiching angle \u03b1 formed by two sides connecting both outer ends of each the concaves to the center axis of the rotor iron core and a sandwiching angle \u03b2 formed by two sides connecting both outer ends of each the protrusions to the center axis of the rotor iron core,
a relationship 0.3<\u03b2\u03b1<0.5 is satisfied.
2. A brushless motor comprising:
a permanent magnet rotor including a plurality of permanent magnet pieces fixed in a plurality of magnet attaching segments provided on the outer periphery or inner periphery thereof, respectively, and a rotor iron core with concaves each provided between the permanent magnet pieces adjacent to each other and protrusions each provided in each the concaves to protrude outwardly in the radial direction thereof, and
a stator arranged oppositely to the permanent magnet rotor, wherein
a position of the rotor is capable to be estimated on the basis of a current flowing through each winding in a multiple phase when a voltage for detecting the position of the rotor is applied to windings of the stator, and
between a sandwiching angle a formed by two sides connecting both outer ends of each the concaves to the center axis of the rotor iron core and a sandwiching angle \u03b2 formed by two sides connecting both outer ends of each the protrusions to the center axis of the rotor iron core,
a relationship 0.3<\u03b2\u03b1<0.5 is satisfied.
3. The brushless motor according to claim 2, wherein
a distance between the outer end of each the protrusions and the outer end of each the concaves located oppositely thereto is larger than a distance in the radial direction of a gap formed between the rotor and the stator.

1. A system for mobile client-side location determination, comprising:
a mobile device comprising base transceiver station location data, a memory, a processor, and a location engine stored in the memory that, when executed by the processor:
receives information that identifies a plurality of base transceiver stations in response to the mobile device registering with a communication network,
estimates a location of an out-of-network base transceiver station based on executing a location fix technology;
provides the location of the out-of-network base transceiver station for the base transceiver station information;
receives an update for base transceiver station location data stored on the mobile device in response to a determination that the mobile device is approaching a geographical limit associated with the base transceiver station information, wherein the update one of adds additional base transceiver station location data to the base transceiver station location data or replaces a portion of the base transceiver station location data, and wherein the portion of the base transceiver station location data that is replaced is based on a direction opposite to a direction associated with the geographical limit associated with the base transceiver station location data;
reads a location for each of the plurality of base transceiver stations from the base transceiver station location data,
calculates a location of the mobile device based on the location of each of the plurality of base transceiver stations, and
provides the location of the mobile device in a defined portion of a communication transmitted by the mobile device.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the mobile device is one of a mobile phone, a telephone, a wireless communication device, a pager, a personal digital assistant, a portable computer, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a digital music player, a digital calculator, an electronic key fob for keyless entry, a media player, or an inventory control device.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of base transceiver stations communicate with the mobile device via at least one of an integrated digital enhanced network (IDEN) communication technology, a code division multiple access (CDMA) technology, a global system for mobile communication (GSM) technology, a long-term evolution (LTE) technology, an universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) technology, or a worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) technology.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the location engine determines the location of the mobile device in response to at least one of a lapse of a duration of time, a use of an application on the mobile device, a call on the mobile device, or an enablement of a global positioning system.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the location engine further maintains a history of the location of the mobile device and a time associated with a determination of the location of the mobile device, and wherein the location engine further recalculates the location of the mobile device based on the history.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the defined portion of the communication comprises a header of the communication, a footer of the communication, or a body of the communication.
7. A non-transitory computer implemented method for mobile client-side location determination, comprising:
a mobile device receiving information that identifies a plurality of base transceiver stations in response to the mobile device registering with a communication network;
estimating a location of an out-of-network base transceiver station based on executing a location fix technology;
providing the location of the out-of-network base transceiver station for the base transceiver station information;
receiving, at the mobile device, an update for base transceiver station location data stored on the mobile device in response to a determination that the mobile device is approaching a geographical limit associated with the base transceiver station information, wherein the update one of adds additional base transceiver station location data to the base transceiver station location data or replaces a portion of the base transceiver station location data, and wherein the portion of the base transceiver station location data that is replaced is based on a direction opposite to a direction associated with the geographical limit associated with the base transceiver station location data;
determining a plurality of nearby base transceiver stations based on an amplitude of a corresponding signal for each of the plurality of base transceiver stations;
reading a location for each of the plurality of nearby base transceiver stations from the base transceiver station location data stored on the mobile device;
calculating a location of the mobile device based on the location of each of the plurality of nearby base transceiver stations; and
providing the location of the mobile device in a header of a communication transmitted by the mobile device.
8. The non-transitory computer implemented method of claim 7, wherein the location fix technology comprises one of advanced forward link trilateration, global positioning system, and a hybrid location fix technology.
9. The non-transitory computer implemented method of claim 7, wherein providing the location of the mobile device comprises at least one of providing the location in each communication transmitted by the mobile device, providing the location in a specified type of communication transmitted by the mobile device, periodically providing the location in communications transmitted by the mobile device, or providing the location in communications transmitted by the mobile device in response to a specific event.
10. The non-transitory computer implemented method of claim 7, further comprising:
providing a request to the mobile device to tag the location of the mobile device;
receiving a tag of the location of the mobile device; and
providing the tag of the location of the mobile device in a database upon which the base transceiver station location data is based.
11. The non-transitory computer implemented method of claim 7, further comprising transmitting the base transceiver station location data to the mobile device in response to the mobile device registering with a communication network.
12. The non-transitory computer implemented method of claim 7, further comprising:
using the location of the mobile device to select an advertisement for the mobile device, and
providing the selected advertisement for the mobile device.
13. The non-transitory computer implemented method of claim 12, further comprising evaluating an effectiveness of the selected advertisement based on subsequent locations of the mobile device.
14. The non-transitory computer implemented method of claim 7, further comprising displaying locations of other mobile devices on a map based on a social network application.
15. A system for mobile client-side location determination, comprising:
a mobile device comprising base transceiver station location data, a memory, a processor, and a location engine stored in the memory that, when executed by the processor:
receives information that identifies a plurality of base transceiver stations,
estimates a location of an out-of-network base transceiver station based on executing a location fix technology;
provides the location of the out-of-network base transceiver station for the base transceiver station information;
receives an update for base transceiver station location data stored on the mobile device in response to a determination that the mobile device is approaching a geographical limit associated with the base transceiver, station information, wherein the update one of adds additional base transceiver station location data to the base transceiver station location data or replaces a portion of the base transceiver station location data, and wherein the portion of the base transceiver station location data that is replaced is based on a direction opposite to a direction associated with the geographical limit associated with the base transceiver station location data;
determines a plurality of nearby base transceiver stations based on an amplitude of a corresponding signal for each of the plurality of base transceiver stations,
read a location for each of the plurality of nearby base transceiver stations from the base transceiver station location data,
calculates a location of the mobile device based on the location of each of the plurality of nearby base transceiver stations and a corresponding signal amplitude for each of the plurality of nearby base transceiver stations, and
provides the location of the mobile device in a header of a communication transmitted by the mobile device.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the base transceiver station location data is associated with a metropolitan area and comprises at least one of a base transceiver station identifier, a base transceiver station geographic location, a base transceiver station sector coverage radius, a base transceiver station antenna azimuth, a base transceiver station antenna tilt, or a base transceiver station antenna rotation.
17. The system of claim 15, wherein calculating the location of the mobile device is further based on an adjustment for a communication condition based on at least one of a subscriber demand, a sports event, an artistic performance, a time of the day, a day of the week, a school schedule, a holiday, a weather condition, a season of the year, or a tourist period.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A vacuum ionization gauge comprising:
a cold cathode comprising a field emission unit and a grid electrode corresponding to the field emission unit, the field emission unit comprising a carbon nanotube pipe, the carbon nanotube pipe having a first end, a second end and a main body connecting the first end to the second end, the second end having a plurality of carbon nanotube peaks;
a shield electrode defining a receiving space, a first opening, and a second opening, wherein the first opening of the shield electrode is oriented to the cold cathode;
an anode ring located in the receiving space of the shield electrode; and
a collector oriented to the second opening of the shield electrode.
2. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, wherein the cold cathode further comprises a substrate connected to the first end of the carbon nanotube pipe.
3. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube pipe comprises a plurality of carbon nanotubes surrounding an axis of the carbon nanotube pipe.
4. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, wherein the second end defines an opening and comprises a hollow neck portion connected to the main body.
5. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 4, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotube peaks extends from a top of the neck portion around the opening.
6. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotube peaks is located around an axis of the carbon nanotube pipe, spaced apart from each other to form a ring shape, and pointing towards the anode electrode.
7. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 6, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotube peaks extends along a same direction substantially parallel with the axis.
8. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 6, wherein the carbon nanotube peaks extend away from a top of the neck portion at an angle from the axis to form a radial shape.
9. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of carbon nanotube peaks comprises a plurality of carbon nanotubes substantially parallel to each other and joined by van der Waals force.
10. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of carbon nanotube peaks is a tapered carbon nanotube bundle, and a single projecting carbon nanotube is taller than and projects over other carbon nanotubes in each of the plurality of carbon nanotube peaks.
11. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 10, wherein the single projecting carbon nanotube is located in a middle of the other carbon nanotubes.
12. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 10, wherein a distance of the projecting carbon nanotubes of two adjacent carbon nanotube peaks is in a range from about 0.1 micrometers to about 2 micrometers.
13. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 10, wherein the carbon nanotube pipe comprises a plurality of successive carbon nanotubes helically oriented around the axis of the carbon nanotube pipe, and joined end-to-end by van der Waals force therebetween along a helical extending direction.
14. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, wherein the field emission unit further comprises a conductive linear support located in and encased by the carbon nanotube pipe.
15. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, further comprising an ion educed electrode positioned between the shield electrode and the collector, wherein an ion educed hole is defined in a middle of the ion educed electrode.
16. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, further comprising an electron induct electrode positioned between the cold cathode and the shield electrode, wherein an electron induct hole is defined in a middle of the electron induct electrode, and the field emission unit is aimed at the electron induct hole.
17. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, further comprising a reflector surrounding the second opening of the shield electrode.
18. The vacuum ionization gauge of claim 1, further comprises a shell, wherein the cold cathode, the shield electrode, the anode ring and the collector are received in the shell.
19. A vacuum ionization gauge comprising:
a cold cathode comprising a field emission unit and a grid electrode corresponding to the field emission unit;
a shield electrode defining a receiving space, a first opening, and a second opening,
an anode ring located in the receiving space of the shield electrode; and
a collector corresponding to the second opening of the shield electrode, wherein the field emission unit comprises a carbon nanotube pipe, the carbon nanotube pipe comprises two ends and a main body connecting to the two ends, one end of the carbon nanotube pipe defines an opening and comprises a plurality of tapered carbon nanotube bundles located around the opening, and the first opening of the shield electrode is positioned corresponding to the cold cathode.
20. A vacuum ionization gauge comprising:
a cold cathode comprising a field emission unit and a grid electrode corresponding to the field emission unit;
a shield electrode defining a receiving space, a first opening, and a second opening;
an anode ring located in the receiving space of the shield electrode; and
a collector corresponding to the second opening of the shield electrode, wherein the field emission unit comprises a carbon nanotube pipe, the carbon nanotube pipe has one end comprising a plurality of tapered carbon nanotube bundles located around an axis of the carbon nanotube pipe and spaced apart from each other to form a ring shape, and the first opening of the shield electrode is positioned corresponding to the cold cathode.