Author: claimsbot

1. A method of processing a substrate, comprising:
applying a coupling agent and a metal ion solution to the substrate; and
applying an activating solution to activate metal ions of the metal ion solution to create a film out of the ions.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising cleaning the substrate to functionalize OH\u2014 groups of the substrate, the coupling agent attaching to the OH-groups.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising rinsing the substrate with water.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is one of imidizole silane, aminopropyl-trithoxy silane or an aminoethylamino-polyltrimethoxy silane derivative.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is one of imidizole silane or aminopropyl-trithoxy silane and the ions are ions from the platinum group, so that the metal film is made out of a metal from the platinum group.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is an aminoethylamino-polyltrimethoxy silane derivative and the ions are cobalt, nickel or copper ions so that the metal film is a cobalt, nickel or copper film.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is applied at a temperature of between 50\xb0 C. and 70\xb0 C.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the activating solution is hypophosphorus acid or dimethylamine borane.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the activating solution is applied at a temperature of between 50\xb0 C. and 70\xb0 C.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating:
applying a coupling agent and a metal ion solution to the substrate; and
applying an activating solution to activate the metal ions to create the film out of the ions.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising annealing the metal film to remove the coupling agent.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the metal film is annealed at a temperature of below 320\xb0 C.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
forming a trench in the substrate;
forming a barrier layer on a base and on sidewalls of the trench, wherein the metal film is a metal seed layer formed on the barrier layers; and
plating a metal structure on the seed layer.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the seed layer and the metal structure are of the same metal.
15. A method of processing a substrate, comprising:
(1) alternatingly:
(1.1) applying a coupling agent and a metal ion solution to the substrate; and
(1.2) applying an activating solution to activate the metal ions to create a metal film out of the ions; and

(2) annealing the metal film to remove the coupling agent.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the coupling agent is one of the imidizole silane, aminopropyl-trithoxy silane or an aminoethylamino-polyltrimethoxy silane derivative.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the activating solution is hypophosphorus acid or dimethylamine borane.
18. A microelectronic structure, comprising:
a substrate having a trench formed therein;
a barrier layer formed on a base and on side walls of the trench;
an atomic layer thickness seed layer formed on the barrier layer; and
a metal structure plated on the seed layer.
19. The microelectronic structure of claim 18, further comprising a processor, the metal structure forming part of the processor.
20. The microelectronic structure of claim 19, wherein the seed layer and the metal structure are of the same metal.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method of imaging one of a fracture and a fault in an earth volume disposed beneath a surface of the earth using a microseismic seismic emission tomography (SET) data set acquired over a data acquisition time period using a plurality of sensors located at a plurality of sensor positions disposed proximate the earth volume, comprising:
selecting a skeletonization time period within the data acquisition time period;
sub-dividing the skeletonization time period into a series of time windows using a time increment;
generating an input data set corresponding to the skeletonization time period, the input data set comprising a plurality of data subsets, each data subset corresponding to a given time window;
transforming the input data set into a plurality of SET spatial volumes, each SET spatial volume being associated with a given data subset and having a plurality of voxels associated therewith;
voxel value filtering each data subset to generate filtered voxel values associated therewith;
after voxel value filtering, stacking at least selected ones of the filtered voxel values to generate stacked filtered voxel values, and
skeletonizing the stacked filtered voxel values to generate a three-dimensional spatial representation of the fracture or fault.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein voxel value filtering further comprises computing at least one local maximum in the voxels of the data subset.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein voxel value filtering further comprises passing voxel values that exceed a predetermined minimum value.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein voxel value filtering further comprises filtering each data subset to pass a predetermined percentage of the highest voxel values associated therewith.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein voxel value filtering further comprises filtering each data subset to pass voxel values that exceed a calculated value computed on the basis of a range of values in the data subset.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein stacking further comprises computing the cumulative sum of the filtered voxel values.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein stacking further comprises computing the maximum value of the filtered voxel values.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein stacking further comprises computing the average of the filtered voxel values.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the voxel values in the SET spatial volumes correspond to semblance values.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising acquiring the microseismic SET data set.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising disposing at least some of the plurality of sensors along the surface of the earth.
12. The method of claim 10, further comprising disposing at least some of the plurality of sensors beneath the surface of the earth in a borehole.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the data acquisition time period ranges between about 1 minute and about one week.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising acquiring the microseismic SET data set under ambient microseismic energy conditions.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which hydraulic fracturing, casing perforation, string shot, and toe shot operations occur.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is initiated and gas production is initiated.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is occurring and gas production is occurring.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is terminated and gas production is terminated.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is reduced and gas production is reduced.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is reduced and gas production is increased.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over which an ambient microseismic energy field is recorded.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein voxel value filtering further comprises one of semblance filtering, median filtering, threshold filtering, 2-D filtering, 3-D filtering, coherence filtering, statistical filtering, deconvolution, random noise filtering, static andor dynamic time shifting and correction, muting, and coherent noise rejection.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the time window ranges between about 0.1 seconds and about 1 hour.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the time increment ranges between about 0.1 seconds and about one hour.
25. A method of imaging one of a fracture and a fault in an earth volume disposed beneath a surface of the earth using a microseismic seismic emission tomography (SET) data set acquired over a data acquisition time period using a plurality of sensors located at a plurality of sensor positions disposed proximate the volume, comprising:
selecting a skeletonization time period within the data acquisition time period;
sub-dividing the skeletonization time period into a series of time windows using a time increment;
generating an input data set corresponding to the skeletonization time period, the input data set comprising a plurality of data subsets, each data subset corresponding to a given time window;
transforming the input data set into a plurality of SET spatial volumes, each SET spatial volume being associated with a given data subset and having a plurality of voxels associated therewith;
stacking at least selected ones of the voxel values to generate stacked voxel values;
after stacking, voxel value filtering the stacked voxel values to generate filtered stacked voxel values associated therewith, and
skeletonizing the filtered stacked voxel values to generate a three-dimensional spatial representation of the fracture or fault.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein stacking further comprises computing the cumulative sum of the voxel values.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein stacking further comprises computing the maximum value of the voxel values.
28. The method of claim 25, wherein stacking further comprises computing the average of the voxel values.
29. The method of claim 25, wherein stacking further comprises computing at least one local maximum in the voxels of the data subset.
30. The method of claim 25, wherein voxel value filtering further comprises passing voxel values that exceed a predetermined minimum value.
31. The method of claim 25, wherein filtering further comprises filtering each data subset to pass a predetermined percentage of the highest voxel values associated therewith.
32. The method of claim 25, wherein filtering further comprises filtering each data subset to pass voxel values that exceed a calculated value computed on the basis of a range of values in the data subset.
33. The method of claim 25, wherein the voxel values in the SET spatial volumes correspond to semblance values.
34. The method of claim 25, further comprising acquiring the microseismic SET data set.
35. The method of claim 34, further comprising disposing at least some of the plurality of sensors along the surface of the earth.
36. The method of claim 34, further comprising disposing at least some of the plurality of sensors beneath the surface of the earth in a borehole.
37. The method of claim 34, wherein the data acquisition time period ranges between about 1 minute and about one week.
38. The method of claim 25, further comprising acquiring the microseismic SET data set under ambient microseismic energy conditions.
39. The method of claim 25, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which hydraulic fracturing, casing perforation, string shot and toe shot operations occur.
40. The method of claim 25, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is initiated and gas production is initiated.
41. The method of claim 25, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is occurring and gas production is occurring.
42. The method of claim 25, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is terminated and gas production is terminated.
43. The method of claim 25, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is reduced and gas production is reduced.
44. The method of claim 25, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over which an ambient microseismic energy field is recorded.
45. The method of claim 25, wherein the skeletonization time period corresponds approximately to a time period over one of which oil production is reduced and gas production is increased.
46. The method of claim 25, wherein voxel value filtering further comprises one of semblance filtering, median filtering, threshold filtering, 2-D filtering, 3-D filtering, coherence filtering, statistical filtering, deconvolution, random noise filtering, static andor dynamic time shifting and correction, muting, and coherent noise rejection.
47. The method of claim 25, wherein the time window ranges between about 0.1 seconds and about 1 hour.
48. The method of claim 25, wherein the time increment ranges between about 0.1 seconds and about 1 hour.

1. A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus comprising:
a polarization beam splitter having a polarization split film used as both a polarizer and an analyzer, wherein the polarization beam splitter has a polarization axis having a polarization axis direction;
a reflective liquid crystal display device;
a quarter wave plate disposed between the polarization beam splitter and the reflective liquid crystal display device; and
a projection optical system,
wherein the quarter wave plate is positioned such that either the slow axis or the fast axis of the quarter wave plate is generally parallel to the polarization axis direction, so that the absolute value of phase difference of diffracted light generated by the reflective liquid crystal display device in a black display state is reduced by the phase difference of the quarter wave plate, and that the amount of stray light of the diffracted light guided from the polarizing beam splitter to the projection optical system decreases.
2. A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus comprising:
a polarization beam splitter having a polarization split film;
a reflective liquid crystal display device having a first optical axis;
a quarter wave plate disposed between the polarization beam splitter and the reflective liquid crystal display device; and
an illumination optical system configured for guiding a light flux from a light source in a converged state to the polarization beam splitter, and also illuminating the reflective liquid crystal display device with light from the light source via the polarization beam splitter and the quarter wave plate;
wherein the illumination optical system has a second optical axis which is inclined with respect to the polarization split film;
and wherein, with the positive phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into right-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light and the negative phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into left-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light, the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device in a black display state of the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus provides to the diffracted light occurring at the reflective liquid crystal display device is positive or zero,
and wherein, with the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film as the S-polarization direction, the polarization split film which receives the light flux in a converged state has a first region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device, and a second region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined counter-clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device,
and wherein the phase difference, which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the first diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the first region, is smaller than the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the second diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the second region,
and wherein the quarter wave plate can be positioned such that the direction of the slow axis of the quarter wave plate and the S-polarization direction are generally parallel.
3. A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus comprising:
a polarization beam splitter having a polarization split film;
a reflective liquid crystal display device;
a quarter wave plate disposed between the polarization beam splitter and the reflective liquid crystal display device having a first optical axis; and
an illumination optical system configured for guiding a light flux from a light source in a converged state to the polarization beam splitter, and also illuminating the reflective liquid crystal display device with light from the light source via the polarization beam splitter and the quarter wave plate,
wherein the illumination optical system has a second optical axis which is inclined with respect to the polarization split film,
and wherein, with the positive phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into right-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light and the negative phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into left-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light, the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device in a black display state of the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus provides to the diffracted light occurring at the reflective liquid crystal display device is positive or zero,
and wherein, with the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film as the S-polarization direction, the polarization split film which receives the light flux in a converged state has a first region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device, and a second region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined counter-clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device,
and wherein the phase difference, which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the first diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the first region, is greater than the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the second diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the second region;
and wherein the quarter wave plate is positioned such that the direction of the fast axis of the quarter wave plate and the S-polarization direction are generally parallel.
4. A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus comprising:
a polarization beam splitter having a polarization split film;
a reflective liquid crystal display device having a first optical axis;
a quarter wave plate disposed between the polarization beam splitter and the reflective liquid crystal display device; and
an illumination optical system configured for guiding a light flux from a light source in a converged state to the polarization beam splitter, and also illuminating the reflective liquid crystal display device with light from the light source via the polarization beam splitter and the quarter wave plate;
wherein the illumination optical system has a second optical axis which is inclined with respect to the polarization split film;
and wherein, with the positive phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into right-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light and the negative phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into left-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light, the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device in a black display state of the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus provides to the diffracted light occurring at the reflective liquid crystal display device is negative or zero,
and wherein, with the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film as the S-polarization direction, the polarization split film which receives the light flux in a converged state has a first region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device, and a second region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined counter-clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device,
and wherein the phase difference, which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the first diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the first region, is smaller than the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the second diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the second region;
and wherein the quarter wave plate is positioned such that the direction of the fast axis of the quarter wave plate and the S-polarization direction are generally parallel.
5. A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus comprising:
a polarization beam splitter having a polarization split film;
a reflective liquid crystal display device having a first optical axis;
a quarter wave plate disposed between the polarization beam splitter and the reflective liquid crystal display device; and
an illumination optical system configured for guiding a light flux from a light source in a converged state to the polarization beam splitter, and also illuminating the reflective liquid crystal display device with light from the light source via the polarization beam splitter and the quarter wave plate;
wherein the illumination optical system has a second optical axis which is inclined with respect to the polarization split film;
and wherein, with the positive phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into right-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light and the negative phase difference provided to convert linear polarized light into left-handed circling polarized light or elliptic polarized light, the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device in a black display state of the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus provides to the diffracted light occurring at the reflective liquid crystal display device is negative or zero;
and wherein, with the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film as the S-polarization direction, the polarization split film which receives the light flux in a converged state has a first region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device, and a second region which emits light having a polarization direction inclined counter-clockwise with respect to the S-polarization direction as viewed from the side of the reflective liquid crystal display device;
and wherein the phase difference, which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the first diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the first region, is greater than the phase difference which the reflective liquid crystal display device provides to the second diffracted light emitted from a point on the first optical axis and cast into the second region;
and wherein the quarter wave plate is positioned such that the direction of the slow axis of the quarter wave plate and the S-polarization direction are generally parallel.
6. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane.
7. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the S-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the P-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
9. The apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising:
a first integrator, configured with a plurality of first lenses arrayed in a first direction intersecting the second optical axis, for splitting light from the light source into a plurality of light fluxes;
a second integrator wherein are arrayed a plurality of second lenses corresponding to the plurality of first lenses;
a first optical system configured for irradiating the plurality of light fluxes emitted from the second integrator on the reflective liquid crystal display device in a superimposed manner; and
a second optical system having optical power in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, configured for compressing the diameter of the light flux from the light source within a plane including the second direction, guided to the reflective liquid crystal display device.
10. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane.
11. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the S-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
12. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the P-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
13. The apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising:
a first integrator, configured with a plurality of first lenses arrayed in a first direction intersecting the second optical axis, for splitting light from the light source into a plurality of light fluxes;
a second integrator wherein are arrayed a plurality of second lenses corresponding to the plurality of first lenses;
a first optical system configured for irradiating the plurality of light fluxes emitted from the second integrator on the reflective liquid crystal display device in a superimposed manner; and
a second optical system having optical power in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, configured for compressing the diameter of the light flux from the light source within a plane including the second direction, guided to the reflective liquid crystal display device.
14. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane.
15. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the S-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
16. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the P-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
17. The apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
a first integrator, configured with a plurality of first lenses arrayed in a first direction intersecting the second optical axis, for splitting light from the light source into a plurality of light fluxes;
a second integrator wherein are arrayed a plurality of second lenses corresponding to the plurality of first lenses;
a first optical system configured for irradiating the plurality of light fluxes emitted from the second integrator on the reflective liquid crystal display device in a superimposed manner; and
a second optical system having optical power in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, configured for compressing the diameter of the light flux from the light source within a plane including the second direction, guided to the reflective liquid crystal display device.
18. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane.
19. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of S-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the S-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the S-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the S-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
20. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein, of the incident light flux from the polarization beam splitter converging at a point on the first optical axis, with a plane containing the polarization direction of P-polarized light defined by the second optical axis and the polarization split film of the polarization beam splitter as the P-polarization plane, and with a plane passing through the second optical axis and assuming a 45\xb0 angle to the P-polarization plane as a 45\xb0 plane, the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the P-polarization plane is greater than the intensity of incident light cast into the reflective liquid crystal display device through the 45\xb0 plane.
21. The apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising:
a first integrator, configured with a plurality of first lenses arrayed in a first direction intersecting the second optical axis, for splitting light from the light source into a plurality of light fluxes;
a second integrator wherein are arrayed a plurality of second lenses corresponding to the plurality of first lenses;
a first optical system configured for irradiating the plurality of light fluxes emitted from the second integrator on the reflective liquid crystal display device in a superimposed manner; and
a second optical system having optical power in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, configured for compressing the diameter of the light flux from the light source within a plane including the second direction, guided to the reflective liquid crystal display device.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A jack assembly comprising:
a first plurality of jacks and a second plurality of jacks that is positioned below the first plurality of jacks, each jack including a front end and a back end, each jack defining a port in the front end for receiving a plug and spring contacts within the port for making electrical contact with the plug, each jack further including insulation displacement contacts projecting in a direction from the front end to the back end of the jack, wherein the port and the spring contacts associated with the port of each of the jacks of the first plurality of jacks are staggered in a front to back direction with respect to the port and spring contacts associated with the port of each of the jacks of the second plurality of jacks such that front faces of the first plurality of jacks define a first straight line positioned at a first depth and front faces of the second plurality of jacks define a second straight line that is positioned at a second depth that is different than the first depth in the front to back direction, wherein a jack of the first plurality of jacks and a jack of the second plurality of jacks define adjacent jacks, wherein the adjacent jacks are vertically offset to each other, horizontally offset to each other, and staggered with respect to each other in a front to back direction.
2. A jack assembly according to claim 1, wherein each of the first plurality of jacks and the second plurality of jacks are assembled in rows of twelve jacks.
3. A jack assembly according to claim 2, wherein the rows of jacks are configured to fit in a rack unit of a 19-inch standard telecommunications rack.
4. A jack assembly according to claim 1, wherein the jacks include RJ-45 jacks.
5. A jack assembly according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the jacks includes a shield section on a surface of the jack.
6. A jack assembly according to claim 1, wherein the adjacent jacks are vertically offset a distance of at least about 0.5 inches measured from centerpoints of the jacks.
7. A jack assembly according to claim 1, wherein the adjacent jacks are horizontally offset a distance of at least about 0.5 inches measured from centerpoints of the jacks.
8. A jack assembly according to claim 1, wherein the adjacent jacks are staggered in a front to back direction such that there is no overlap between the spring contacts and the insulation displacement contacts of the adjacent jacks.
9. A method of reducing alien crosstalk between two adjacent jacks provided on a telecommunications panel, the method comprising:
(a) mounting a first plurality of jacks and a second plurality of jacks on the panel such that the second plurality of jacks is positioned below the first plurality of jacks, wherein each jack includes a front end and a back end, each jack defining a port in the front end for receiving a plug and spring contacts within the port for making electrical contact with the plug, each jack further including insulation displacement contacts projecting in a direction from the front end to the back end of the jack, wherein the port and the spring contacts associated with the port of each of the jacks of the first plurality of jacks are staggered in a front to back direction with respect to the port and spring contacts associated with the port of each of the jacks of the second plurality of jacks such that front faces of the first plurality of jacks define a first straight line positioned at a first depth and front faces of the second plurality of jacks define a second straight line that is positioned at a second depth that is different than the first depth in the front to back direction, wherein a jack of the first plurality of jacks and a jack of the second plurality of jacks define the adjacent jacks, wherein the adjacent jacks are vertically offset to each other, horizontally offset to each other, and staggered at different depths from front to back with respect to each other.