Author: claimsbot

1. A method of forming an overmolded dual in-line memory module (DIMM) cooling structure, the method comprising:
providing, by a molding system, a mold for a DIMM, the DIMM including a portion with attached memory chips; and
forming, by the molding system, a thermal interface that includes thermal material, the thermal material surrounding at least the portion of the DIMM with the attached memory chips, the thermal interface to transfer heat from the DIMM to a cooling manifold.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the thermal interface includes coupling, by the molding system, a conductive plate to the thermal material, the conductive plate to couple to the cooling manifold.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the thermal interface includes incorporating, by the molding system, a conductive plate into the thermal material.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the thermal interface includes injecting the thermal material into a mold surrounding at least the portion of the DIMM with the attached memory chips.
5. An apparatus forming an overmolded dual in-line memory module (DIMM) cooling structure, the apparatus comprising:
a DIMM that includes a portion with attached memory chips; and
a thermal interface to couple the DIMM to a cooling manifold with a liquid cooled pipe, the thermal interface including thermal material surrounding at least the portion of the DIMM with the attached memory chips, the thermal interface to transfer heat from the DIMM to the cooling manifold.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the thermal interface includes a conductive plate coupled to the thermal interface, the conductive plate to couple to the cooling manifold, the conductive plate to transfer heat from the thermal material to the cooling manifold.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the thermal interface includes a conductive plate incorporated into the thermal material, the conductive plate to transfer within the thermal material, heat generated by the DIMM.
8. A method of forming an overmolded dual in-line memory module (DIMM) cooling structure, the method comprising:
forming, by the molding system, a thermal interface to contact and surround at least a portion of a DIMM having memory chips attached;
the thermal interface to couple with a cooling manifold that includes a liquid cooled pipe, the thermal interface including thermal material to transfer heat from the DIMM to the cooling manifold.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising forming, by the molding system, a manifold engagement surface on the thermal interface, the manifold engagement surface to lock the thermal interface to the cooling manifold.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the manifold engagement surface locks with the cooling manifold when the thermal interface is stretched.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein when the thermal interface is stretched, the thermal material compresses around the memory chips attached to the DIMM.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein forming the thermal interface includes injecting the thermal material into a mold.
13. An apparatus forming an overmolded dual in-line memory module (DIMM) cooling structure, the apparatus comprising:
a cooling manifold that includes a liquid cooled pipe; and
a thermal interface to contact and surround at least a portion of a DIMM having memory chips attached and to contact the cooling manifold, the thermal interface including thermal material, the thermal material to transfer heat from the DIMM to the cooling manifold.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the thermal interface includes a manifold engagement surface to lock the thermal interface to the cooling manifold.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the manifold engagement surface locks with the cooling manifold when the thermal interface is stretched.
16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein when the thermal interface is stretched, the thermal material compresses around the memory chips attached to the DIMM.
17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the thermal interface is formed by injecting the thermal material into a mold.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for online trading assets via transactionally linked virtual markets comprising the steps of:
defining attributes and behaviors of virtual markets;
placing individual buy and sell orders in the virtual markets;
defining at least one unified cross-market trading strategy that includes at least a first order in a first virtual market and a second order in a second virtual market;
automatically calculating, based on the unified cross-market trading strategy, a price and an amount for the first order in the first virtual market based on a price and an amount of one or more orders in the second virtual market;
automatically calculating, based on the unified cross-market trading strategy, a price and an amount for the second order in the second virtual market based on a price and an amount of one or more orders in the first virtual market;
automatically routing the first and second orders to their respective virtual markets; and
automatically matching and executing both individual orders and orders generated by cross-market trading strategies for virtual markets;
wherein at least part of the method is performed on one or more computer systems.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the attributes and behaviors of the virtual markets include asset types, payment dates, and payment factors.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the attributes and behaviors of the virtual markets replicate those of conventional markets.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of placing an individual buy and sell order includes specifying a total size of the order, a minimum allowable size of a partial execution of the order, a portion of the total size of the order that will be visible to others, and an indication of which of the virtual markets the order is for, and the price of the order.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of defining at least one unified cross-market trading strategy further comprises the step of specifying a type of trading strategy.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the type of cross-market trading strategy is selected from the group consisting of: arbitrage, basket, and hedge.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of defining at least one unified cross-market trading strategy further comprises the step of specifying the virtual markets referenced by the cross-market trading strategy.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of defining at least one unified cross-market trading strategy further comprises the step of defining formulae to calculate prices and amounts for each virtual market referenced by the cross-market trading strategy based upon counterorders from other virtual markets.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of defining formulae to calculate further comprises the step of identifying a best counterorder for each initial buy or sell order.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of defining at least one unified cross-market trading strategy further comprises the step of automatically generating new orders on behalf of the defined cross-market trading strategy.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of matching and executing both individual orders and orders generated by cross-market trading strategies comprises the step of automatically and continuously modifying orders as needed on behalf of defined cross-market trading strategies in response to changes in the virtual markets referenced by the cross-market trading strategies.
12. A system for online trading of assets via transactionally linked virtual markets comprising
a market creation mechanism to enable users to create a plurality of virtual markets;
a plurality of active market servers to support the operation of each of the created virtual markets;
an order creation mechanism to allow users to create, buy, or sell orders related to the virtual markets;
a strategy creation mechanism to enable users to define cross-market trading strategies and specify the virtual markets referenced by the cross-market trading strategies, wherein the cross-market trading strategies comprise at least one unified cross-market trading strategy that includes at least a first order in a first virtual market and a second order in a second virtual market;
a plurality of active strategy servers to generate new orders on behalf of the specified cross-market trading strategies and to dynamically coordinate with the plurality of active market servers to continuously monitor relationships between virtual markets and modify orders generated on behalf of cross-market trading strategies; wherein at least one of the servers automatically calculates, based on the unified cross-market trading strategy, a price and an amount for the first order in the first virtual market based on a price and an amount of one or more orders in the second virtual market; and at least one of the servers automatically calculates, based on the unified cross-market trading strategy, a price and an amount for the second order in the second virtual market based on a price and an amount of one or more orders in the first virtual market; and
a linking mechanism to enable orders and counterorders from different servers to be linked.
13. The system of claim 12, comprising:
an adapter that enables external systems to link into the system so that users in the system may select from and share orders with external liquidity sources;
an order validation mechanism; and
a credit limit validation mechanism.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the order validation mechanism allows a host site to establish trading limits for the host site’s accounts.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the order validation mechanism validates each created new order against the trading limits, and once validated, sends the new order to at least one of the plurality of virtual markets.
16. The system of claim 13, wherein the credit limit validation mechanism allows host sites to establish mutual lines of credit for specified markets and use these lines of credit to act as guarantors when matching orders that originate from different host sites.
17. The system of claim 13, further comprising a plurality of access control servers to authenticate each user.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of access control servers determine an authorized level of system access granted to each user before allowing each user to access the system.
19. A system for online trading of assets via transactionally linked virtual markets comprising:
a plurality of client systems for entering orders by a client;
a plurality of order routers for determining which market for an existing plurality of markets the order is in and transmitting the order to a market server;
a plurality of market servers for matching the order with existing counterorders and monitoring the plurality of markets; and
a plurality of strategy servers for generating new orders, and routing the generated orders to each market defined in a trading strategy and coordinating with the plurality of market servers to insure atomic execution of all orders that make up the trading strategy; wherein at least one of the servers automatically calculates, based on a unified cross-market trading strategy, a price and an amount for a first order in a first virtual market based on a price and an amount of one or more orders in a second virtual market; and at least one of the servers automatically calculates, based on the unified cross-market trading strategy, a price and an amount for a second order in the second virtual market based on a price and an amount of one or more orders in the first virtual market.

1. An angular and axial position sensor arrangement, including:
L axially adjacent sensors, where L is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, and
an encoded member that is angularly and axially displaceable relative to the sensors,
wherein the encoded member comprises N axial detection encoded rings, which are axially adjacent, and where N is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, for which N\u22121 adjacent axial detection encoded rings are with value A along their entire circumference and an Nth encoded ring is with value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference, said values A and B being distinguishable by one or several of the L sensors to determine an axial position of the encoded member, in a first axial position with the first sensor overlapping the first axial detection encoded ring, and in an Nth axial position with the first sensor overlapping the Nth axial detection encoded ring,
wherein the encoded member comprises M angular detection encoded rings, the first of which is axially adjacent to the Nth axial detection encoded ring of the N axial detection encoded rings, where M is a whole number greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the M encoded rings comprise a coding pattern composed of A and B values along their circumference to determine angular position by the sensors.
2. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the encoded member is axially displaceable in discrete steps relative to the L sensors.
3. The sensor arrangement according to claim 2, wherein an axial displacement step size of the encoded member corresponds to the axial width of any axial detection encoded ring and any angular detection encoded ring.
4. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the distance between any two sensors corresponds to the axial width of one of the axial detection encoded rings or angular detection encoded rings.
5. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes a first sensor axially adjacent to a second sensor, and the encoded member with a first axial detection encoded ring adjacent to a second axial detection ring, and an angular detection encoded ring adjacent to the second axial detection ring, and wherein the first axial detection encoded ring has value A along its entire circumference, whereas the second axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
6. The sensor arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the encoded member is axially displaceable from a default position to at least a retracted position.
7. The sensor arrangement according to claim 6, wherein in the default position the first sensor radially overlaps the first axial detection encoded ring and the second sensor radially overlaps the second axial detection encoded ring, and wherein in the retracted position, the first sensor radially overlaps the second axial detection encoded ring and the second sensor radially overlaps the angular detection encoded ring.
8. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes at least first and second sensors which are axially adjacent, and the encoded member with first, second, and third axial detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, and one or more angular detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, said first angular detection encoded ring being adjacent to the third axial detection ring, and wherein first and second axial detection encoded rings have value A along their entire circumference, whereas the third axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
9. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the number M of angular detection encoded rings is less than or equal to L\u22121, where L is the number of sensors.
10. The sensor arrangement according to claim 8, wherein the coding patterns from the angular detection encoded rings form a binary code or a Gray code.
11. The sensor arrangement according to claim 10, wherein the code is repeated 2 times or more around the encoded member.
12. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes at least first, second and third sensors which are axially adjacent, and the encoded member with first, second, third and fourth axial detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, and at least two angular detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, said first angular detection encoded ring being adjacent to the fourth axial detection ring, and wherein first, second and third axial detection encoded rings have value A along their entire circumference, whereas the fourth axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
13. The sensor arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the coding patterns from the angular detection encoded rings form a binary code or a Gray code.
14. The sensor arrangement according to claim 13, wherein the code is repeated 2 times or more around the encoded member.
15. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes at least L=N\u22121 sensors which are axially adjacent, and the encoded member with N axial detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, and at least M=N\u22122 angular detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, said first angular detection encoded ring being adjacent to the Nth axial detection ring, and wherein the first N\u22121 axial detection encoded rings have value A along their entire circumference, whereas the Nth axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
16. The sensor arrangement according to claim 15, wherein the coding patterns from the angular detection encoded rings form a binary code or a Gray code.
17. The sensor arrangement according to claim 16, wherein the code is repeated 2 times or more around the encoded member.
18. The sensor arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the encoded member is axially displaceable step by step from a depressed position to a default position, to a first retracted position and to a second retracted position.
19. The sensor arrangement according to claim 18, wherein in the depressed position, the first, second and third sensors radially overlap the first, second and third axial detection encoded rings and a fourth sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, wherein in the default position, the first and second sensors radially overlap the second and third axial detection encoded rings, the third sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, and the fourth sensor radially overlaps the first angular detection encoded ring, wherein in the first retracted position, the first sensor radially overlaps the third axial detection encoded ring, the second sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, and third and fourth sensors radially overlap the first and second angular detection encoded rings, and wherein in the second retracted position, the first sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, and the second, third and fourth sensors radially overlap the first, second and third angular detection encoded rings.
20. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising a measurement unit coupled to the L sensors to determine the axial position and angular position of the encoded member.
21. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the L sensors interact electrically, magnetically, capacitively or optically with the corresponding encoded rings.
22. An electronic instrument comprising an adjustment unit having at least one sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the encoded member is arranged on an angularly and axially displaceable element.
23. The electronic instrument according to claim 22, for which said electronic instrument is an electronic watch, wherein the encoded member is one part of a rod with a crown on one end.
24. A method of determining angular position and axial position of an encoded member by means of a sensor arrangement that includes L axially adjacent sensors, where L is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, and an encoded member that is angularly and axially displaceable relative to the sensors, wherein the encoded member includes N axial detection encoded rings, which are axially adjacent, and where N is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, for which N\u22121 adjacent axial detection encoded rings are with value A along their entire circumference and an Nth encoded ring is with value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference, said values A and B being distinguishable by one or several of the L sensors to determine an axial position of the encoded member, in a first axial position with the first sensor overlapping the first axial detection encoded ring, and in an Nth axial position with the first sensor overlapping the Nth axial detection encoded ring, and wherein the encoded member comprises M angular detection encoded rings, the first of which is axially adjacent to the Nth axial detection encoded ring of the N axial detection encoded rings, where M is a whole number greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the M encoded rings comprise a coding pattern composed of A and B values along their circumference to determine angular position by the sensors, the method, comprising:
receiving L signals from the L sensors;
analyzing the L signals to at least determine the axial position of the encoded member, in which a measurement unit coupled to the L sensors determines the axial position by counting the number of A values that are measured before the first B value from the N axial detection encoded rings detected by the sensors; and
changing a mode of an electronic instrument based on the determined axial position.
25. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer readable instructions thereon that when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method comprising:
processing L signals from L sensors; and
analyzing the L signals to at least determine an axial position of an encoded member, in which a measurement unit coupled to the L sensors determines the axial position by counting a number of A values before a first B value measured from an N axial detection encoded rings detected by the sensors.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A single crystal spinel material, the material having a non-stoichiometric composition and having a transparency window represented by absorptivity over a wavelength range, the wavelength range extending from about 400 nm to about 800 nm, the transparency window being defined as the largest single absorptivity peak height along said wavelength range, the largest single peak height being not greater than 0.35 cm\u22121.
2. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 2000 nm.
3. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 3000 nm.
4. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 3500 nm.
5. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 4000 nm.
6. The material of claim 1, wherein the height is not greater than about 0.30 cm\u22121.
7. The material of claim 1, wherein the height is not greater than about 0.25 cm\u22121.
8. The material of claim 1, wherein the height is not greater than about 0.20 cm\u22121.
9. The material of claim 1, wherein the material consists essentially of a single spinel phase, with substantially no secondary phases.
10. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has the general formula aAD\xb7bE2D3, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, Ba, Sr, Cd, Fe, and combinations thereof, E is selected from the group consisting Al, In, Cr, Sc, Lu, Fe, and combinations thereof, and D is selected from the group consisting O, S, Se, and combinations thereof, wherein a ratio b:a>1:1 such that the material is rich in E2D3.
11. The material of claim 10, wherein A is Mg, D is O, and E is Al, such that the material has the formula aMgO\xb7bAl2O3, the material consisting essentially of aMgO\xb7bAl2O3.
12. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 1.2:1.
13. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 1.5:1.
14. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 2.0:1.
15. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 2.5:1.
16. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is about 3:1.
17. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not greater than about 4:1.
18. The material of claim 11, wherein the material has a lower mechanical stress and strain compared to stoichiometric spinel.
19. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a laser damage threshold of not less than about 3.00 GWcm2, at a wavelength of 1064 nm.
20. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a laser damage threshold of not less than about 3.25 GWcm2, at a wavelength of 1064 nm.
21. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a laser damage threshold of not less than about 3.50 GWcm2, at a wavelength of 1064 nm.
22. The material of claim 1, wherein the material is in the form of an optical window.
23. The material of claim 1, wherein the material is in the form of an optical mirror.
24. The material of claim 1, wherein the material is in the form of a light pipe.