Author: claimsbot

1. A proppant comprising a surface that comprises a ceramic material or oxide thereof, or a metal oxide, wherein said surface has an average grain size of 1 micron or less, wherein said proppant is sintered and is hollow, porous, or a closed foam network, and has a crush strength of 3,000 psi or greater, and
wherein said proppant has an overall diameter of from about 90 microns to about 1,600 microns, and said proppant has a specific gravity of from 0.6 gcc to about 2.5 gcc.
2. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant has a specific gravity of from 0.6 gcc to about 2.5 gcc, and said proppant is spherical and has a sphericity of at least about 0.9.
3. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant comprises a hollow cenosphere.
4. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant comprises an aluminate.
5. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said crush strength is from 5,000 psi to 10,000 psi.
6. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is 0.1 micron to 0.5 micron.
7. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said surface has a maximum grain size of 1 micron.
8. A method of treating a subterranean producing zone penetrated by a well bore comprising the steps of: (a) preparing or providing a treating fluid that comprises a hydrocarbon or water carrier fluid having the proppant of claim 1 suspended therein, and (b) pumping said treating fluid into said subterranean producing zone whereby proppants are deposited therein.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said treating fluid is a fracturing fluid and said proppants are deposited in fractures formed in said subterranean producing zone.
10. A proppant formulation comprising the proppant of claim 1 and a carrier.
11. The proppant formulation of claim 10, wherein said carrier is water or brine.
12. A method to prop open subterranean formation fractions comprising introducing the proppant formulation of claim 10 into said subterranean formation.
13. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant is hollow.
14. The proppant of claim 1, wherein said proppant is porous.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method of transmitting different types of service data to a mobile station from a transmitter of a base station, comprising the steps of:
determining a data size available at a predetermined data rate; and
constructing transmission data in the available data size by combining one or more types of service data among the different types of service data according to priority levels of the different types of service data.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of constructing transmission data in a second data size available at the determined data rate if the size of the combined service data is less than the available data size.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of selecting a maximum data rate less than the data rate and constructing transmission data in a data size available at the selected data rate by combining one or more types of service data, if the size of the combined service data does not satisfy any of data sizes available at the predetermined data rate.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting a mobile station to be serviced by Round-Robin scheduling if the base station services at least two different mobile stations.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined data rate is determined from DRC (Data Rate Control) information received from the mobile station in the base station.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the service data with the highest priority level is excluded from the transmission data construction if the amount of the service data with the highest priority level cannot be supported in combination with service data with a lower priority level at the predetermined data rate and the amount of service data at other priority levels can be supported at the data rate.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of constructing transmission data in an available data size less than the available data size by combining one or more types of service data if the size of the combined data is less than the maximum available data size.
8. A base station device for transmitting different types of service data to a mobile station, comprising:
a transmitter for determining a data size available at a predetermined data rate, and constructing transmission data in the available data size by combining one or more types of service data among the different types of service data according to priority levels of the different types of service data.
9. The base station device of claim 8, wherein if the base station services at least two different mobile stations, the base station selects a mobile station to be serviced by Robin-Round scheduling.
10. A method of retransmitting to a mobile station service data containing errors, comprising the steps of:
determining a data size available at a predetermined data rate;
determining whether the size of the service data containing errors is equal to the available data size; and
retransmitting the service data containing errors at the predetermined data rate if the size of the service data containing errors is equal to the available data size.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of retransmitting service data containing errors at the determined data rate by combining two or more service data blocks having errors if the sum of the two or more service data blocks having errors is equal to the available data size.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein if the sum of the two or more service data blocks having errors is not equal to any of data sizes available at the predetermined data rate, service data are retransmitted according to priority levels of the service data.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein service data that is excluded from retransmission according to the priority level of the service data is retransmitted with priority at a next scheduling.
14. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of retransmitting at least two types of service data according to priority levels of the two types of service data if the at least two types of service data have errors and the sum of the at least two types of service data having errors is not equal to the available data size.
15. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of constructing retransmission data in a second available size by combining the service data having errors, if the sum of the service data having errors is not equal to the available data size.
16. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of retransmitting the at least two types of service data having errors in combination at a maximum data rate less than the determined data rate if the at least two types of service data in combination is not equal to any of data sizes available at the data rate.
17. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of separately retransmitting the at least two types of service data having errors at a maximum data rate less than the delivered data rate if the at least two types of service data is not equal to any of data sizes available at the data rate.
18. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of selecting a mobile station to be serviced by Round-Robin scheduling if there are at least two mobile stations to be serviced.
19. The method of claim 10, wherein if retransmission data and initial transmission data is to be transmitted to the mobile station, the retransmission data is transmitted before the initial transmission data.
20. The method of claim 10, wherein the predetermined data rate is determined from DRC (Data Rate Control) information received from the mobile station.
21. A base station device for retransmitting service data having errors to a mobile station comprising:
a transmitter for determining a maximum data size available at a data rate determined from DRC (Data Rate Control) information received from the mobile station, and retransmitting the service data having errors at the data rate if the size of the service data having errors is equal to the maximum available data size.
22. A method of receiving in a mobile station different types of service data transmitted from a base station, comprising the steps of:
determining whether the received service data is initially transmitted or retransmitted service data;
detecting errors from the received service data and generating feedback information indicating an error detection result for the received service data, if the received service data is initially transmitted; and
separately storing the service data according to the QoS of the service data.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the feedback information indicates whether the service data has an error or not.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein if the received service data is retransmitted, the received service data is combined with initially transmitted service data and the combined service data is error-checked.
25. A receiver in a mobile station for receiving different types of service data from a base station, comprising:
a determiner for determining whether the received service data is initially transmitted or retransmitted service data;
an error detector for detecting errors from the received service data;
a feedback information generator for generating feedback information indicating an error detection result for the received service data, if the received service data is initially transmitted; and
a quality demultiplexer and storage for separately storing the service data according to the QoS of the service data.

1. A method for transforming pre-existing sales data into an electronic display to be displayed on at least one video monitor, said method comprising the steps of:
a. a service provider acquiring sales data from a subscriber’s database;
b. storing the acquired sales data on the service provider’s database;
c. transforming the acquired sales data into an electronic display resembling a conventional sales tracking white board;
d. transmitting the graphical display to at least one video monitor located at the subscriber’s place of business; and
e. displaying the graphical display on at least one video monitor.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
said sales data is acquired from an accounting database.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps prior to step b of:
said sales data being stored in text files;
said text files being transferred to the service provider from the subscriber’s database via posting to and retrieving from an FTP server; and
said text files being opened by the service provider.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein:
said graphical display is saved as a web page on the service provider’s web server; and
said web pages are displayed on the at least one video monitor via the Internet.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein:
said graphical display has a predetermined life cycle.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising the steps of:
said predetermined life cycle expiring;
a new graphical display being created using current sales data acquired from the subscriber;
the new graphical display being transmitted to the at least one video monitor located at the subscriber’s place of business; and
displaying the graphical display on the at least one video monitor.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said sales data further comprises:
inventory information.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said sales data further comprises:
salesperson information.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said sales data further comprises:
product information.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said sales data further comprises:
sales information.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
identifying information for at least one sales person.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
a month to date sales total for the at least one sales person.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
a year to date sales total for the at least one sales person.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
an average sales total for a predetermined amount of time for the at least one sales person.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
a customer satisfaction index score for the at least one sales person.
16. The method of claim 11 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
an icon for each sale the at least one salesperson made during a predetermined period of time located near the at least one salesperson’s identifying information.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein:
said icon contains information regarding a product sold during the sale the icon represents.
18. A system for transforming pre-existing sales data into an electronic display to be displayed on at least one video monitor, said comprising:
a service provider acquiring sales data from a subscriber’s database;
storing the acquired sales data on the service provider’s database;
transforming the acquired sales data into an electronic display resembling a conventional sales tracking whiteboard;
transmitting the graphical display to at least one video monitor located at the subscriber’s place of business; and
displaying the graphical display on the at least one video monitor.
19. The system of claim 18 wherein:
said sales data is acquired from an accounting database.
20. The system of claim 18 further comprising:
said sales data sales data being stored in text files;
said text files being transferred to the service provider from the subscriber’s database; and
said text files being opened by the service provider.
21. The system of claim 18 wherein:
said graphical display is saved as a web page on the service provider’s web server; and
said web pages are displayed on the at least one video monitor via the Internet.
22. The system of claim 21 wherein:
said graphical display has a predetermined life cycle.
23. The system of claim 22 further comprising:
said predetermined life cycle expiring;
a new graphical display being created using current sales data acquired from the subscriber;
the new graphical display being transmitted to the at least one video monitor located at the subscriber’s place of business; and
displaying the graphical display on the at least one video monitor.
24. The system of claim 18 wherein said sales data further comprises:
inventory information.
25. The system of claim 18 wherein said sales data further comprises:
salesperson information.
26. The system of claim 18 wherein said sales data further comprises:
product information.
27. The system of claim 18 wherein said sales data further comprises:
sales information.
28. The system of claim 18 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
identifying information for at least one sales person.
29. The system of claim 18 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
a month to date sales total for the at least one sales person.
30. The system of claim 18 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
a year to date sales total for the at least one sales person.
31. The system of claim 18 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
an average sales total for a predetermined amount of time for the at least one sales person.
32. The system of claim 18 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
a customer satisfaction index score for the at least one sales person.
33. The system of claim 18 wherein said graphical display further comprises:
an icon for each sale the at least one salesperson made during a predetermined period of time located near the at least one salesperson’s identifying information.
34. The system of claim 16 wherein:
said icon contains information regarding a product sold during the sale the icon represents.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An apparatus configured for releasing a thermal stress within a semiconductor chip, comprising:
a first means comprising a semiconductor chip;
a second means for framing the first means; and
a third means for connecting the first and second means, the third means comprising a diffusion solder layer and a buffer layer, the buffer layer comprising a material, which is ductile and soft in comparison to a material of the diffusion solder layer,
wherein the third means is arranged between the first means and the second means, and wherein the buffer layer comprises a layer thickness that is greater than 500 nm and such that thermal stresses in the first means remain below a predetermined value during temperature fluctuations within a temperature range.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predetermined values comprises 6 GPa or 50 MPa and the temperature range is between minus 55\xb0 C. and 320\xb0 C.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the buffer layer comprises a layer thickness between 500 nm and 50 \u03bcm.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the buffer layer comprises a layer thickness between 800 nm and 2.5 \u03bcm.
5. A method for manufacturing a device, comprising:
providing a lead frame;
depositing a diffusion solder layer onto the lead frame;
depositing a buffer layer onto the diffusion solder layer, the buffer layer comprising a ductile material, which is soft in comparison to a material of the diffusion solder layer, the buffer layer and the diffusion solder layer forming a layer structure;
arranging a semiconductor chip onto the layer structure; and
diffusion soldering the semiconductor chip onto the lead frame by heating and subsequent cooling down,
wherein the buffer layer comprises a thickness such that thermal stresses in the semiconductor chip remain below a predetermined value during the heating and the subsequent cooling down.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the deposition of the buffer layer is performed such that the layer thickness of the buffer layer is at least 0.8 \u03bcm or more than 1 \u03bcm.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the deposition of the buffer layer is performed such that the buffer layer comprises aluminum or aluminum magnesium.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the deposition of the buffer layer is performed such that the buffer layer comprises a layer thickness that is greater than 500 nm.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the deposition of the buffer layer is performed such that the buffer layer comprises a predetermined layer thickness of more than 1 \u03bcm and the buffer layer comprises aluminum.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the deposition of the buffer layer is performed such that the buffer layer comprises a predetermined layer thickness between 1.8 and 50 \u03bcm.
11. The method of claim 5, wherein the device comprises an integrated circuit.
12. An apparatus configured for releasing a thermal stress within a semiconductor chip, comprising:
a first means comprising a semiconductor chip;
a second means comprising a lead frame; and
a third means for connecting the first and second means, the third means comprising a diffusion solder layer and a buffer layer, the buffer layer comprising a material, which is ductile and soft in comparison to a material of the diffusion solder layer,
wherein the third means is arranged between the first means and the second means, and wherein the buffer layer comprises a layer thickness such that thermal stresses in the first means remain below a predetermined value during temperature fluctuations within a temperature range, and
wherein the semiconductor chip and the lead frame are thermally and electrically connected via the diffusion solder layer and the buffer layer, the diffusion solder layer and the buffer layer directly contact each other and the lead frame has metal atoms of the diffusion solder layer diffused into itself.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the third means consists of the diffusion solder layer and the buffer layer.
14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the third means forms a diffusion solder connection.