Author: claimsbot

1. A method of identifying a modulator of a TGR18 polypeptide that has G-protein coupled receptor activity and (A) comprises at least 70% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:16 (B) consists of at least 50 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:16, or (C) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16; wherein the method comprises:
contacting the polypeptide with: a candidate modulator compound and succinic acid; and
determining the level of activity of the polypeptide in comparison to the level of activity of the polypeptide in the absence of succinic acid.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining the level of activity comprises a competitive assay.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is contacted with the polypeptide before the succinic acid is contacted with the polypeptide.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining the level of activity comprises a binding assay.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the TGR18 polypeptide is recombinant.
6. A method of treating a patient with a TGR18-associated disorder, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound identified using the method of claim 1.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the TGR18-associated disorder is a renal disease.
8. A method of identifying a modulator of a TGR164 polypeptide that has G-protein coupled receptor activity and (A) comprises at least 70% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:18 (B) consists of at least 50 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:18, or (C) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18; wherein the method comprises:
contacting the polypeptide with: a candidate modulator compound and \u03b1-keto-glutaric acid; and
determining the level of activity of the polypeptide in comparison to the level of activity of the polypeptide in the absence of \u03b1-keto-glutaric acid.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of determining the level of activity comprises a competitive assay.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound is contacted with the polypeptide before the \u03b1-keto-glutaric acid is contacted with the polypeptide.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of determining the level of activity comprises a binding assay.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein the TGR164 polypeptide is recombinant.
13. A method of treating a patient with a TGR164-associated disorder, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound identified using the method of claim 8.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the TGR164-associated disorder is a renal disease.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A bundle database management system for generating, storing and searching bundle data defining an association structure between individual words having relation to each other, the system comprising:
a search server having a processor connected to a memory, the search server comprising:
a bundle definition unit configured to 1) define a core word, a relevant word connected to the core word, and another relevant word derived from the relevant word regarded as another core word, 2) generate bundle data defining an nth connection relationship between the core word and the relevant word as a graph hierarchy (topology) structure, and 3) store the generated bundle data;
a description definition unit configured to store description data corresponding to the core word and relevant word;
a search request receiving unit configured to receive a search request including a specific search word input by a user;
a search result page generating unit configured to generate a search result page including the bundle data having a search word in its core word and the description data relating to the core word; and
a search result page transmitting unit configured to transmit the search result page to the user; and

a user terminal connected to the search server, the user terminal being configured to transmit the search request and receive the search result page,
wherein the search server connects a first bundle with a second bundle to generate a single nth bundle data,
and wherein, when the search server connects the first bundle with the second bundle having, as a core word, a same word as an arbitrary word of the first bundle to generate a connected bundle, while the search server maintains word association structures of the first and second bundles in the connected bundle, the search server 1) integrates each same word of the first bundle and the second bundle into one word relative to the first bundle, connects bundle data of the first and second bundles with each other in such a way to add words of the second bundle to the first bundle, and 2) integrates each description data of the first and second bundles into a description data of the integrated word.
2. The bundle database management system of claim 1, wherein the search server generates, stores and searches bundle data constituting n-dimensional bundle where n>1, the n-dimensional bundle having a repetitive connection structure, comprising:
a first (n=1) bundle in which at least one relevant word corresponding to a single core word is connected;
a second (n=2) bundle in which an arbitrary relevant word constituting the first bundle becomes a single core word and at least one relevant word connected to the single core word is connected; and
a third (n=3) bundle in which an arbitrary relevant word constituting the second bundle becomes a single core word and at least one relevant word connected to the single core word is connected.
3. The bundle database management system of claim 1, wherein the search server represents the bundle data to the user with a graph hierarchy structure that horizontally connects at least one relevant word for each core word in odd bundles (n=1, 3, 5, . . . ), and vertically connects at least one relevant word for each core word in even bundles (n=2, 4, 6, . . . ).
4. The bundle database management system of claim 1, wherein the search server includes:
a bundle data database (DB) for storing the core word, the relevant word and their connection relation constituting bundle data; and
a description data DB for storing description data corresponding to an individual word stored in the bundle data.
5. The bundle database management system of claim 1, wherein the search server receives selection information of a specific word from the user terminal, the specific word constituting bundle data represented with a graphic structure in the search result page, and includes the description data retrieved by the specific word in the search result page to provide it to the user terminal.
6. The bundle database management system of claim 1, wherein in the step of generating a search result page, the search server includes uniform resource locator (URL) information referring to description data corresponding to each of the core word and the relevant word constituting the bundle data in the search result page to transmit it to the user terminal.
7. The bundle database management system of claim 1, wherein the search server connects bundle data through any one method selected from a group or a connection method thereof, the group consisting of:
a horizontal line A-type connection for converting a relevant word located on a horizontal line (odd bundle) into a core word and connecting a horizontal bundle to the core word by a vertical line derived from the core word;
a horizontal line end B-type connection rotating a horizontal bundle and connecting the horizontal bundle by the horizontal line when adding a new relevant word (core word) to the rightmost side of a horizontal line;
a horizontal line B-type insertion connection for converting a bundle into a rotated bundle and inserting the bundle between relevant words located on a horizontal line;
a vertical line B-type connection for converting a relevant word located on a vertical line (even bundle) into a core word and connecting a rotated bundle to the core word by a horizontal line derived from the core word;
a vertical line end A-type connection for connecting a horizontal bundle by the vertical line when adding a new relevant word (core word) to the uppermost side of a vertical line; and
a vertical line A-type insertion connection for inserting a bundle between relevant words located on a vertical line.
8. A bundle database management method for generating, storing, and searching bundle data defining an association structure between individual words having relation to each other, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) defining, with a processor, a core word, a relevant word connected to the core word, and another relevant word derived from the relevant word regarded as another core word, generating bundle data defining an nth connection relation between the core word and the relevant word as a graph hierarchy structure, and storing the generated bundle data;
(2) storing description data in a memory, the description data corresponding to the core word and the relevant word;
(3) receiving a search request including a specific search word input by a user;
(4) generating, with a processor, a search result page including the bundle data having a search word as its core word and the description data relating to the core word; and
(5) transmitting the search result page to a user terminal,
wherein the step (4) comprises connecting a first bundle with a second bundle to generate a single nth bundle data; and
in the case of connecting the first bundle with the second bundle having, as a core word, a same word as an arbitrary word of the first bundle to generate a connected bundle, the step (4) comprises, while maintaining word association structures of the first and second bundles in the connected bundle, integrating each same word of the first bundle and the second bundle into one word relative to the first bundle, connecting bundle data of the first and second bundles in such a way to add words of the second bundle to the first bundle, and integrating each description data of the first and second bundles into a description data of the integrated word.
9. The bundle database management method of claim 8, wherein the step of (1) generating and storing bundle data comprises generating the bundle data having n-dimension (n>1) bundle and storing the bundle data in a bundle data DB, the n-dimensional bundle having a connection structure comprising:
a first (n=1) bundle in which at least one relevant word corresponding to a single core word is connected;
a second (n=2) bundle in which an arbitrary relevant word constituting the first bundle becomes a single core word and at least one relevant word connected to the core word is connected; and
a third (n=3) bundle in which an arbitrary relevant word constituting the second bundle becomes a single core word and at least one relevant word connected to the core word is connected.
10. The bundle database management method of claim 8, wherein the step of (2) storing description data includes storing description data corresponding to the core word and relevant word in a description data DB.
11. The bundle database management method of claim 8, wherein the step of (4) generating a search result page includes the steps of:
(4-1) setting the received search word as a core word;
(4-2) retrieving the bundle data DB by the core word to search for the bundle data;
(4-3) retrieving the description data DB by the core word to search for the corresponding description data; and
(4-4) generating the search result page including the bundle data and the description data.
12. The bundle database management method of claim 8, wherein the step of (4) generating a search result page includes the step of including the bundle data in the search result page, the bundle data being in odd bundles (n=1, 3, 5, . . . ) represented in such a graphic structure that at least one relevant word for each core word are horizontally connects and in even bundles (n=2, 4, 6, . . . ) represented in such a graphic structure that at least one relevant word for each core word are vertically connected.
13. The bundle database management method of claim 8, wherein the step of (4) generating a search result page includes generating the search result page including URL information referring to description data corresponding to each of the core word and the relevant words constituting the bundle data.
14. The bundle database management method of claim 8, wherein the step of (4) generating a search result page comprises connecting bundle data through any one method selected from a group or a connection method thereof, the group consisting of:
a connection (a horizontal line A-type connection) for converting a relevant word located on a horizontal line (odd bundle) into a core word and connecting a horizontal bundle to the core word by a vertical line derived from the core word;
a connection (a horizontal line end B-type connection) for rotating a horizontal bundle and connecting the horizontal bundle by a horizontal line when adding a new relevant word (core word) to the rightmost side of the horizontal line;
a connection (a horizontal line B-type insertion connection) for converting a bundle into a rotated bundle and inserting the bundle between relevant words located on a horizontal line;
a connection (a vertical line B-type connection) for converting a relevant word located on a vertical line (even bundle) into a core word and connecting a rotated bundle to the core word by a horizontal line derived from the core word;
a connection (a vertical line end A-type connection) for connecting a horizontal bundle by a vertical line when adding a new relevant word (core word) to the uppermost side of a vertical line; and
a connection (a vertical line A-type insertion connection) for inserting a bundle between relevant words located on a vertical line.
15. The bundle database management method of claim 8, further comprising the steps of:
(6) receiving selection information of a specific word constituting bundle data from the user terminal, the bundle data being represented in a graphic structure at the search result page; and
(7) including the description data retrieved by the specific word in the search result page to provide it to the user terminal.

1. A particulate matter detection device comprising:
a first electrode having a plate-like shape and having one surface covered with a dielectric material;
a second electrode which is disposed on the side of the one surface of the first electrode via a space where a gas including a particulate matter flows and which performs one or both of discharge and the formation of an electric field by a voltage applied between the first electrode and the second electrode;
a pair of measurement electrodes disposed on the surface of the dielectric material so as to face each other; and
a protective film disposed on the surfaces of the pair of measurement electrodes and having a volume resistivity of 10 \u03a9cm to 1012 \u03a9cm, wherein the protective film is formed of two layers of an insulating protective film disposed on the surfaces of the measurement electrodes and a low resistance film disposed on the surface of the insulating protective film and having; a volume resistivity of 10\u22125 \u03a9cm to 10 \u03a9cm,
wherein the variate of electric properties between the pair of measurement electrodes is measured to obtain the amount of the collected particulate matter.
2. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is what is doped with a metal.
3. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes have a linear shape, and are disposed on the surface of the dielectric material so that the measurement electrodes face each other longly along a direction vertical to a direction in which the gas including the particulate matter flows.
4. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is an insulating protective film disposed on the surfaces of the measurement electrodes and including a plurality of fine metal pieces scattered on the surface thereof.
5. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is an oxide film formed on the surfaces of the measurement electrodes.
6. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
7. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 2, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
8. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 3, wherein each of the pair of measurement electrodes having the linear shape is branched into a plurality of portions, and has a plurality of facing portions.
9. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 8, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes having the plurality of facing portions are disposed over the whole surface of the dielectric material.
10. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 2, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes have a linear shape, and are disposed on the surface of the dielectric material so that the measurement electrodes face each other longly along a direction vertical to a direction in which the gas including the particulate matter flows.
11. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 10, wherein each of the pair of measurement electrodes having the linear shape is branched into a plurality of portions, and has a plurality of facing portions.
12. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 4, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
13. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 5, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
14. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 11, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes having the plurality of facing portions are disposed over the whole surface of the dielectric material.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A display apparatus, comprising:
a substrate on which a plurality of closed spaces are two-dimensionally disposed along a surface of said substrate,
a plurality of light-absorbing particles contained in each of the closed spaces, and
a reflection surface for reflecting light which enters each of the closed spaces,
wherein said particles are moved in each closed space, between a first position at which they are diffused to cover said reflection surface and a second position at which they are collected to expose said reflection surface, to change an intensity of reflected light so as to provide a bright display state and a dark display state, wherein
the exposed reflection surface diffuse-reflects incident light with a directivity when said particles are located at the second position, and
wherein a light intensity of the diffuse reflection with the directivity of the exposed reflection surface has such an angular distribution that:
(1) an amount of reflected light emitted from the reflection surface toward the second position at which said particles are collected is smaller than that thereof in the case where the reflection surface is an isotropic diffuse reflection surface, and
(2) an amount of reflected light emitted from the reflection surface toward positions other than the second position at which said particles are collected is larger than that of reflected light emitted from the reflection surface toward the second position at which said particles are collected.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflection surface has a portion close to the second position at which the particles are collected, and the directivity at the portion is stronger than those at other portions of the reflection surface.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angular distribution of the intensity of light from the reflection surface is such that it is asymmetrical with respect to a direction of a normal to the reflection surface in an area close to the second position at which the particles are collected so as to be localized toward a direction apart from the position and that it is substantially symmetrical with respect to the normal direction in an area other than the area close to the second position.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the reflection surface is divided into a plurality of reflection areas different in reflection characteristic from each other, and the angular distribution of the intensity of light from each of the divided reflection areas is such that it is changed stepwise or continuously from a strong level to a weak level with respect to the directivity with an increasing distance of the particles from the second position at which the particles are collected and that it is changed stepwise or continuously from a large level to a small level or no level with respect to the asymmetry with the increasing distance.
5. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflection surface is substantially a mirror surface in an area close to the second position at which the particles are collected, and is a diffuse reflection surface in an area other than the area close to the second position.
6. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the reflection surface in an area close to the second position at which the particles are collected is inclined upward.
7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the substrate is transparent and the reflection surface is semitransparent, and a light source is disposed below the substrate.
8. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises a front scattering layer disposed on an observer’s side.
9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in each of the closed spaces, a color filter is disposed on the reflection surface.
10. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in each of the closed spaces, a color filter is disposed between the reflection surface and the transparent electrode.
11. A display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a partition wall for dividing the closed spaces in a direction along the surface of the substrate, wherein the second position at which said particles are collected is proximate to the partition wall.