Author: claimsbot

What is claimed is:

1. A process for the preparation of -olefins, comprising, contacting at about 40 C. to about 120 C. in a liquid full modified plug flow reactor:
(a) an oligomerization catalyst which is an iron complex of a 2,6-pyridinecarboxaldehye(bisimine) or a 2,6-diacylpyridine(bisimine) which oligomerizes ethylene to -olefins;
(b) ethylene;
(c) an organic solvent; and
(d) optionally one or more cocatalysts;
wherein (a) plus (b) plus (c) plus (d), when present, form a process mixture, and wherein along the length of said modified plug flow reactor said oligomerization catalyst is added at two or more first addition points to said process mixture, so that a time interval for said process mixture between said addition points is about 0.3 to about 5 half lives of said oligomerization catalyst under process conditions.
2. The process as recited in claim 1 wherein said time interval is about 0.5 to about 3.0 of said half lives.
3. The process as recited in claim 1 wherein said 2,6-pyridinecarboxaldehye(bisimine) or 2,6-diacylpyridine(bisimine) is
11
wherein:
R1, R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl or an inert functional group, provided that any two of R1, R2 and R3 vicinal to one another taken together may form a ring;
R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl or an inert functional group;
R6 and R7 are each independently a substituted aryl having a first ring atom bound to the imino nitrogen, provided that:
in R6, a second ring atom adjacent to said first ring atom is bound to a halogen; a primary carbon group, a secondary carbon group or a tertiary carbon group; and further provided that
in R6, when said second ring atom is bound to a halogen or a primary carbon group, none, one or two of the other ring atoms in R6 and R7 adjacent to said first ring atom are bound to a halogen or a primary carbon group, with the remainder of the ring atoms adjacent to said first ring atom being bound to a hydrogen atom; or
in R6, when said second ring atom is bound to a secondary carbon group, none, one or two of the other ring atoms in R6 and R7 adjacent to said first ring atom are bound to a halogen, a primary carbon group or a secondary carbon group, with the remainder of the ring atoms adjacent to said first ring atom being bound to a hydrogen atom; or
in R6, when said second ring atom is bound to a tertiary carbon group, none or one of the other ring atoms in R6 and R7 adjacent to said first ring atom are bound to a tertiary carbon group, with the remainder of the ring atoms adjacent to said first ring atom being bound to a hydrogen atom.
4. The process as recited in claim 3 wherein
R6 is
12
and R7 is
13
wherein:
R8 is a halogen, a primary carbon group, a secondary carbon group or a tertiary carbon group; and
R9, R10, R11, R14, R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl or a functional group;
provided that:
when R8 is a halogen or primary carbon group none, one or two of R12, R13 and R17 are a halogen or a primary carbon group, with the remainder of R12, R13 and R17 being hydrogen; or
when R8 is a secondary carbon group, none or one of R12, R13 and R17 is a halogen, a primary carbon group or a secondary carbon group, with the remainder of R12, R13 and R17 being hydrogen; or
when R8 is a tertiary carbon group, none or one of R12, R13 and R17 is tertiary carbon group, with the remainder of R12, R13 and R17 being hydrogen;
and further provided that any two of R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16 and R17 vicinal to one another, taken together may form a ring.
5. The process as recited in claim 4 wherein:
if R8 is a primary carbon group, R13 is a primary carbon group, and R12 and R17 are hydrogen; or
if R8 is a secondary carbon group, R13 is a primary carbon group or a secondary carbon group, more preferably a secondary carbon group, and R12 and R17 are hydrogen; or
if R8 is a tertiary carbon group (more preferably a trihalo tertiary carbon group such as a trihalomethyl), R13 is a tertiary carbon group (more preferably a trihalotertiary group such as a trihalomethyl), and R12 and R17 are hydrogen; or
if R8 is a halogen, R13 is a halogen, and R12 and R17 are hydrogen.
6. The process as recited in claim 4 wherein:
R1, R2 and R3 are hydrogen; and R4 and R5 are methyl;
R19, R20, R21, R23 and R24 are all hydrogen; R22 is methyl; and R18 methyl; or
R19, R20, R21, R23 and R24 are all hydrogen; R22 is ethyl; and R18 ethyl; or
R19, R20, R21, R23 and R24 are all hydrogen; R22 is isopropyl; and R18 isopropyl; or
R19, R20 R21, R23 and R24 are all hydrogen; R22 is n-propyl; and R18 n-propyl; or
R19, R20 R21, R23 and R24 are all hydrogen; R22 is chloro or bromo; and R18 is a halogen.
7. The process as recited in claim 1 which is carried out at a temperature of about 70 C. to about 110 C.
8. The process as recited in claim 1 wherein there are about 3 to about 8 of said addition points.
9. The process as recited in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 wherein ethylene is added at two or more second addition points to said process mixture.
10. The process as recited in claim 9 wherein said first addition points and said second addition points are the same.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring, for outputting a magnetic-field electricity to charge a first external device when under an inductive coupled power transfer mode, and for outputting an electrical-field electricity to charge a second external device when under an electrical-field coupled power transfer mode, the apparatus comprising:
a power converter, for receiving an input voltage and converting the input voltage into a specific voltage;
a control circuit, for controlling the power converter;
a wireless communication receiving circuit, for receiving a first power identification signal andor a second power identification signal, wherein the first power identification signal includes power requirement information of the first external device, and the second power identification signal includes power requirement information of the second external device; and
a metal plate, coupled to the power converter;
wherein when the wireless communication receiving circuit receives the first power identification signal of the first external device, the apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring executes the inductive coupled power transfer mode, and the control circuit controls the power converter for outputting the magnetic-field electricity to charge the first external device;
wherein when the wireless communication receiving circuit receives the second power identification signal of the second external device, the apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring executes the electrical-field coupled power transfer mode, and the control circuit controls the power converter for outputting a high frequency and high voltage power to the metal plate, in order to output the electrical-field electricity for charging the second external device.
2. The apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring according to claim 1, wherein the metal plate is:
a plate coil, wherein a wire part of the plate coil includes an assigned width and is platy, and the plate coil is winded at a plane surface which is parallel with a plate of the plate coil;
wherein when under the inductive coupled power transfer mode, the power converter input a first external voltage into a first terminal of the plate coil; and
a switch of the power converter is coupled to a second terminal of the plate coil, and the power converter outputs the magnetic-field electricity for charging the first external device by a switching operation of the second terminal of the plate coil;
wherein when under the electrical-field coupled power transfer mode, the power converter input a second external voltage into the first terminal of the plate coil, and controls the second terminal of the plate coil to be opened, for outputting the electrical-field electricity to charge the second external device by controlling frequency and voltage magnitude of the second external voltage, wherein the second external voltage is the high frequency and high voltage power.
3. The apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring according to claim 2, wherein the plate coil includes a circle center, and the plate coil is winded in a concentric circle and radial manner according to the circle center.
4. The apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring according to claim 3, wherein a metal plane part of the plate coil occupies over 80% area of a circle area formed from the circle center to a radius of the plate coil.
5. The apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring according to claim 2, wherein the plate coil includes a central point, and the plate coil is winded in a rectangular and radial manner according to the central point.
6. The apparatus for both inductive coupled power transferring and electrical-field coupled power transferring according to claim 5, wherein a metal plane part of the plate coil occupies over 80% area of a rectangular area surrounded by a surrounding of the plate coil.

1.-25. (canceled)
26. A method comprising:
determining a distance between a measuring point of a scanning probe microscope and an optical axis of a scanning particle microscope,
wherein:
the scanning particle microscope and the scanning probe microscope being spaced with respect to each other in a common vacuum chamber so that the distance between the optical axis of the scanning particle microscope and the measuring point of the scanning probe microscope in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis of the scanning particle microscope is larger than a maximum field of view of both the scanning probe microscope and the scanning particle microscope.
27. The method of claim 26, comprising exchanging the probe of the scanning probe microscope, and then automatically determining the distance between the measuring point of the scanning probe microscope and the optical axis of the scanning particle microscope.
28. The method of claim 27, comprising using an exchange mask to exchange the probe, wherein the exchange mask comprises a probe and a locator chip having a structure which simultaneously at least partially covers a measuring area of the scanning probe microscope and the field of view of the scanning particle microscope.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the locater chip comprises mechanical and electrical components which manage the exchange of the probe.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein the locater chip comprises a microstructured cell mesh which can be measured by both the scanning particle microscope and the scanning probe microscope.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the locator chip comprises coordinates for a respective cell of the cell mesh in at least one portion of the cells which are coded in a microstructured surface structure of the locater chip.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the coordinates of the cells are numerically coded.
33. The method of claim 31, wherein the size of a cell of the cell mesh is smaller than the field of view of the scanning particle microscope and the scanning probe microscope.
34. The method of claim 31, wherein a size of a cell of the cell mesh is less than 10 \u03bcm.
35. The method of claim 31, wherein a smallest dimension of a structural element of a cell of the cell mesh is not smaller than 500 nm.
36. The method of claim 31, wherein:
determining the distance between the measuring point of the scanning probe microscope and the optical axis of the scanning particle microscope comprises determining a code of a first cell by the scanning particle microscope; and
determining the code of a second cell by the scanning probe microscope.
37. The method of claim 31, wherein a cell comprises:
a reference point;
a barcode to identify a first coordinate;
a barcode to identify a second coordinate; and
a specification of the first coordinate andor a specification of the second coordinate.
38. The method of claim 31, comprising automatically determining the distance between the measuring point of the scanning probe microscope and the optical axis of the scanning particle microscope in regular intervals.
39. An apparatus, comprising:
a vacuum chamber;
a scanning particle microscope in the vacuum chamber;
a scanning probe microscope in the vacuum chamber; and
a control element,
wherein:
a distance between an optical axis of the scanning particle microscope and a measuring point of the scanning probe microscope in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis of the scanning particle microscope is larger than a maximum field of view of both the scanning probe microscope and the scanning particle microscope; and
the control element is configured to automatically determine the distance between the measuring point of the scanning probe microscope and the optical axis of the scanning particle microscope.
40. The apparatus of claim 39, further comprising an exchange mask configured to exchange the probe, wherein the exchange mask comprises at least one exchange probe and a locater chip having a structure which simultaneously at least partially covers a respective measurement range of the scanning probe microscope and the field of view of the scanning particle microscope.
41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the locater chip comprises mechanical and electrical components managing the change of the probe.
42. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the locater chip comprises a micro-structured cell mesh which is measurable by the scanning particle microscope and the scanning probe microscope.
43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the locater chip comprises coordinates for the respective cell of the cell mesh in at least one portion of the cells, which are coded in a microstructured surface structure of the locater chip.
44. A locater chip, comprising:
a cell mesh having a microstructured surface structure in which information is coded which can be determined by both a scanning particle microscope and the a scanning probe microscope,
wherein:
the locator chip is configured to determine a distance between a measuring point of the scanning particle microscope and a measuring point of the scanning probe microscope; and
a portion of the cells of the cell mesh comprises a coordinate for a respective cell which is coded in a microstructured surface structure of the locater chip.
45. The locater chip of claim 44, wherein the coordinates of the cells are numerically coded.
46. The locater chip of claim 44, wherein a size of a cell of the cell mesh is less than the field of view of the scanning particle microscope and the field of view of the scanning probe microscope.
47. The locater chip of claim 44, wherein a size of a cell of the cell mesh is less than 10 \u03bcm.
48. The locater chip of claim 44, wherein a smallest dimension of a structural element of a cell of the cell mesh is not less than 500 nm.
49. The locater chip of claim 44, wherein a cell comprises:
a reference point;
a barcode to identify a first coordinate;
a barcode to identify a second coordinate; and
a specification of a numerical value for the first coordinate and the second coordinate.
50. The locater chip of claim 49, wherein the cell mesh comprises rectangular cells capable of being periodically arranged, the reference point comprises an initial identification, and the first coordinate comprises an x-axis and the second coordinate comprises an y-axis.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for operating a vehicle comprising:
measuring a torsional angle at at least one drive shaft of the vehicle;
ascertaining a torque transmitted via the at least one drive shaft as a function of the measured torsional angle;
ascertaining a first phase at one transmission output shaft of the vehicle;
ascertaining a second phase at at least one wheel drive shaft of the vehicle; and
determining the torsional angle from a phase displacement between the first phase and the second phase.
2. A method for operating a vehicle comprising:
measuring a torsional angle at at least one drive shaft of the vehicle;
ascertaining a torque transmitted via the at least one drive shaft as a function of the measured torsional angle;
ascertaining a first phase at one transmission output shaft of the vehicle;
ascertaining a second phase at least one wheel drive shaft of the vehicle;
determining the torsional angle from a phase displacement between the first phase and the second phase;
ascertaining a third phase at a first wheel drive shaft of the vehicle;
ascertaining a fourth phase at a second wheel drive shaft of the vehicle; and
forming the second phase by averaging values of the third phase and the fourth phase.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein a first wheel of the vehicle driven by the first wheel drive shaft is situated opposite a second wheel of the vehicle driven by the second wheel drive shaft.
4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising measuring at least one of the phases by a phase detector at a gearwheel on a corresponding drive shaft.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transmission output shaft and at least two wheel drive shafts are rigidly connected to one another, via a differential.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the torque is ascertained proportional to the torsional angle in a first region of the torsional angle.
7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising assigning a fixed value for the torque to the torsional angle in a second region of the torsional angle.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the fixed value is zero.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the torque is ascertained from the torsional angle on a uniform time basis.
10. A device for operating a vehicle comprising:
a torque detection unit for ascertaining a torque of the vehicle;
a measuring device for measuring a torsional angle at at least one drive shaft of the vehicle; and
an ascertainment unit for ascertaining the torque transmitted via the at least one drive shaft as a function of the measured torsional angle, the ascertainment unit further configured to
ascertain a first phase at one transmission output shaft of the vehicle,
ascertain a second phase at least one wheel drive shaft of the vehicle, and
determine the torsional angle from a phase displacement between the first phase and the second phase.