Author: claimsbot

1. A photoinitiator composition comprising at least one N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator, an aryl aldehyde or alkyl aldehyde each having one or more aldehyde moieties and a molecular weight of less than 1000, and at least one organic phosphine as an N-oxyazinium salt efficiency amplifier.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the organic phosphine is represented by the following Structure (I) or (II):
(R\u2032)3P \u2003\u2003(I)
(R\u2032)2P-L-P(R\u2032)2 \u2003\u2003(II)
wherein the multiple R\u2032 groups are:
(1) hydrogen,
(2) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups,
(3) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups,
(4) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups,
(5) the same or different HO{CH(R)}xy groups wherein the multiple R groups are the same or different and can be hydrogen atoms or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or two R\u2032 groups together can form a cyclic aliphatic ring or fused ring system, x is an integer of at least 2 and up to and including 20, and y is an integer of at least 1 and up to and including 20, or
(6) two adjacent R\u2032 groups are joined together to form a cyclic ring with the phosphorus atom, provided at least one R\u2032 group is not hydrogen, and
L is a connecting group having at least 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the linking chain.
3. The composition of claim 1 comprising one or more of methyl phosphine, dimethyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphine, triethyl phosphine, tripropyl phosphine, tri-n-butyl phosphine, triisobutyl phosphine, triamyl phosphine, trihexyl phosphine, trinonyl phosphine, tri-(ethylene glycol)phosphine, tri-(propylene glycol)phosphine, tri(isopropylene glycol)phosphine, tri(butylene glycol)phosphine, tri(isobutylene glycol)phosphine, tri(pentylene glycol)phosphine, tri(hexylene glycol)phosphine, tri(nonylene glycol)phosphine, tri(diethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(triethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(polyethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(polypropylene glycol)phosphine, di(ethylamino)phenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, tritoylphosphine, tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, tri(polybutylene glycol)phosphine, bis(diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,5-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)pentane, 1,4-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane, bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane monoxide, and the compound represented by the following structure:
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator is represented by either of the following Structures (III) and (IV):
wherein A and B in Structure (III) independently represent a carbon, C\u2014R5, C\u2014R6 or nitrogen, X is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, any of the A, B, and R groups where chemically feasible can be joined together to form a ring, and Y\u2212 is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or a charged part of an A, B, or R group,
wherein A in Structure (IV) represents a carbon, C\u2014R5, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen atom with sufficient bonds and substituents to form a heteroaromatic ring, X is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, or any two R groups together can form a ring, and Y\u2212 is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or part of a charged R group.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a cation represented by one of the following formulae:
wherein R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an acyl group, wherein R1 can also include a charge balancing anion, the R2 groups independently represent hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or nitrile group, X is a divalent linking group, and Z is an aliphatic linking group.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a reduction potential less negative than \u22121.4 V and comprises an N-oxy group that is capable of releasing an oxy radical during irradiation of the photocurable composition.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic phosphine is present in a molar amount relative to total aldehyde moieties of at least 1:1 and up to and including 4:1.
8. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a photosensitizer for the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator that is selected from the group consisting of ketocoumarins, benzophenones, xanthones, thioxanthones, arylketones, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator is present in an amount of at least 1 weight % and up to and including 50 weight %, based on the total composition solids, and the weight ratio of organic phosphine to N-ozyazinium salt photoinitiator is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 100:1.
10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the aryl aldehyde or alkyl aldehyde has a molecular weight of less than 500.
11. The composition of claim 1 that is a photocurable composition further comprising at least one photocurable compound.
12. The composition of claim 11 comprising at least one acrylate as a photocurable compound.
13. The composition of claim 11 wherein the organic phosphine is represented by the following Structure (I) or (II):
(R\u2032)3P \u2003\u2003(I)
(R\u2032)2P-L-P(R\u2032)2 \u2003\u2003(II)
wherein the multiple R\u2032 groups are:
(1) hydrogen,
(2) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups,
(3) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups,
(4) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups,
(5) the same or different HO{CH(R)}xy groups wherein the multiple R groups are the same or different and can be hydrogen atoms or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or two R\u2032 groups together can form a cyclic aliphatic ring or fused ring system, x is an integer of at least 2 and up to and including 20, and y is an integer of at least 1 and up to and including 20, or
(6) two adjacent R\u2032 groups are joined together to form a cyclic ring with the phosphorus atom, provided at least one R\u2032 group is not hydrogen, and
L is a connecting group having at least 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the linking chain.
14. The composition of claim 11 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator is represented by either of the following Structures (III) and (IV):
wherein A and B in Structure (III) independently represent a carbon, C\u2014R5, C\u2014R6 or nitrogen, X is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, any of the A, B, and R groups where chemically feasible can be joined to form a ring, and Y is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or a charged part of an A, B, or R group,
wherein A in Structure (IV) represents a carbon, C\u2014R5, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen atom with sufficient bonds and substituents to form a heteroaromatic ring, X is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, or any two R groups can form a ring, and Y is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or part of a charged R group.
15. The composition of claim 11 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a cation represented by one of the following formulae:
wherein R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an acyl group, wherein RI can also include a charge balancing anion, the R2 groups independently represent hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl group, or a nitrile group, X is a divalent linking group, and Z is an aliphatic linking group.
16. The composition of claim 11 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a reduction potential less negative than \u22121.4 V and comprises an N-oxy group that is capable of releasing an oxy radical during irradiation of the photocurable composition.
17. The composition of claim 11 further comprising a photosensitizer for the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator that is selected from the group consisting of ketocoumarins, benzophenones, xanthones, thioxanthones, arylketones, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
18. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a non-reactive organic solvent.
19. The composition of claim 11 that is a photocurable ink that further comprises a colorant.
20. A kit comprising:
a) a precursor composition comprising one or more photocurable acrylates, and
b) a photoinitiator composition comprising at least one N-oxyazinium salt photo initiator, a photosensitizer for the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator, an aryl aldehyde or an alkyl aldehyde, and an organic phosphine that is an N-oxyazinium salt efficiency amplifier.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus for use with an endoscope, comprising:
a housing removably attachable to a distal terminating end of the endoscope, the housing comprising an outer surface and a cross-sectional area at least as large as a cross-sectional area of the distal terminating end of the endoscope; and
at least one electrode supported by at least a portion of the outer surface of the housing and capable of delivering energy to a tissue region inside a body to ablate the tissue region.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises an insulator.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises at least one of a ceramic material, a glass, and a polymeric material.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the insulator comprises a thermal insulator.
5. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the insulator comprises an electrical insulator.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the housing is transparent.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises at least one groove and the electrode is positioned in the groove.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing is substantially ring-shaped.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises a distal end and a proximal end, the proximal end comprising an elastomeric material and being sized and shaped to slip over the distal end of the endoscope.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing further comprises a stop ring.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one electrode comprises a pattern.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the pattern comprises a row of linear elements.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the pattern comprises a helical pattern.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises a plurality of apertures.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing is foraminous.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an electrical conduit in electrical communication with at least one electrode.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the electrical conduit comprises one of wire and coaxial conductor.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the wire comprises a twisted pair of wires.
19. The apparatus of claim 16 further comprising a connector in electrical communication with a proximal end of the electrical conduit.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising at least one light source disposed in the housing for emitting light and a light modulator disposed in the housing for modifying light emitted by the light source.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one electrode comprises a monopolar electrode.
22. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one electrode comprises a bipolar electrode.
23. An apparatus for use with an endoscope, comprising:
a sheath comprising a first channel for receiving the endoscope;
a housing attached to a distal end of the sheath, the housing comprising an outer surface and a cross-sectional area at least as large as a cross-sectional area of a distal terminating end of the endoscope; and
at least one electrode supported by at least a portion of the outer surface of the housing and capable of delivering energy to a tissue region inside a body to ablate the tissue region.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the sheath further comprises a second channel coextensive with the first channel and an electrical conduit disposed in the second channel, wherein the electrical conduit is in electrical communication with at least one electrode.
25. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the sheath further comprises a second channel coextensive with the first channel for receiving a fluid.
26. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the sheath comprises polyethylene.
27. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the sheath has a thickness in the range from about 0.015 inches to about 0.085 inches.
28. The apparatus of claim 23 further comprising an adjustable stop ring for adjusting a position of the housing relative to the endoscope.
29. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the housing comprises an insulator.
30. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein at least a portion of the housing is substantially transparent.
31. A medical apparatus, comprising:
an endoscope terminating at a distal end;
a housing removably attachable to the distal terminating end of the endoscope, the housing comprising an outer surface and a cross-sectional area at least as large as a cross-sectional area of the distal terminating end of the endoscope; and
at least one electrode supported by at least a portion of the outer surface of the housing and capable of delivering energy to a tissue region inside a body to ablate the tissue region.
32. A medical apparatus, comprising:
an endoscope terminating at a distal end;
a sheath comprising a channel for receiving the endoscope and a housing attached to a distal terminating end of the sheath, the housing comprising an outer surface and a cross-sectional area at least as large as a cross-sectional area of the distal terminating end of the endoscope; and
at least one electrode supported by at least a portion of the outer surface of the housing and capable of delivering energy to a tissue region inside a body to ablate the tissue region.
33. A method of treating tissue in a body, comprising:
a) attaching a housing to a distal terminating end of an endoscope, the housing removably attachable to the distal terminating end of the endoscope, the housing comprising an outer surface supporting at least one electrode on at least a portion of the outer surface and a cross-sectional area at least as large as a cross-sectional area of the distal terminating end of the endoscope;
b) inserting the endoscope and the housing inside the body near a tissue region to be treated; and
c) applying energy to at least one electrode to treat the tissue region.
34. The method of claim 33 further comprising connecting at least one electrode to a power source through an electrical conduit housed in a channel of the endoscope.
35. The method of claim 33 wherein step a) comprises attaching a housing comprising at least one aperture and further comprising providing a fluid to the tissue region through the aperture.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the fluid comprises at least one of a cooling fluid, a flushing fluid and a conductive fluid.
37. The method of claim 33 wherein step a) comprises attaching a housing comprising an insulating material.
38. The method of claim 33 wherein step a) comprises attaching a housing comprising a substantially transparent material.
39. The method of claim 33 wherein step a) comprises attaching a housing supporting a bipolar electrode.
40. The method of claim 33 wherein step a) comprises attaching a housing supporting a monopolar electrode.
41. The method of claim 33 wherein step c) comprises applying RF energy.
42. The method of claim 33 wherein step c) comprises applying energy to ablate the tissue region.
43. The method of claim 33 further comprising illuminating the tissue region and detecting an optical property of the tissue region.
44. A method of treating tissue in a body, comprising:
a) providing a sheath comprising a channel for receiving an endoscope and a housing attached to a distal end of the sheath, the housing comprising an outer surface supporting at least one electrode on at least a portion of the outer surface and a cross-sectional area at least as large as a cross-sectional area of a distal terminating end of the endoscope;
b) inserting an endoscope inside the channel of the sheath such that the housing is positioned near the distal terminating end of the endoscope;
c) inserting the sheath and the endoscope inside the body near a tissue region to be treated; and
d) applying energy to at least one electrode to treat the tissue region.
45. The method of claim 44 further comprising connecting at least one electrode to a power source through an electrical conduit housed in a second channel of the sheath.
46. The method of claim 44 wherein step a) comprises providing a housing comprising at least one aperture and further comprising providing a fluid to the tissue region through the aperture.
47. The method of claim 46 wherein the fluid comprises at least one of a cooling fluid, a flushing fluid and a conductive fluid.
48. The method of claim 44 wherein step a) comprises providing a housing comprising an insulating material.
49. The method of claim 44 wherein step a) comprises providing a housing comprising a substantially transparent material.
50. The method of claim 44 wherein step a) comprises providing a housing supporting a bipolar electrode.
51. The method of claim 44 wherein step a) comprises providing a housing supporting a monopolar electrode.
52. The method of claim 44 wherein step d) comprises applying RF energy.
53. The method of claim 44 wherein step d) comprises applying energy to ablate the tissue region.
54. The method of claim 44 further comprising illuminating the tissue region and detecting an optical property of the tissue region.
55. A method of manufacturing an ablation apparatus comprising the steps of:
a) providing a housing;
b) providing a slurry comprising a conductive material and a solution;
c) applying the slurry on at least a portion of a surface of the housing; and
d) removing the solution applied on the surface of the housing to form an electrode comprising the conductive material on the surface of the housing.
56. The method of claim 55 wherein step c) comprises printing the slurry on the surface of the housing.
57. The method of claim 56 wherein step b) comprises providing a slurry comprising a sliver epoxy.
58. The method of claim 55 wherein step c) comprises applying the slurry by at least one of spraying, dipping, and brushing.
59. The method of claim 55 wherein step d) comprises heating the slurry to remove the solution and to melt the conductive material to form the electrode.
60. The method of claim 55 wherein step a) comprises providing a housing comprising at least one groove and step d) comprises removing at least a portion of the conductive material to form the electrode in the at least one groove.

1. A system for regenerative satellite payload communications, the system comprising:
an RF demodulator;
a packet aggregation switching device in communication with the RF demodulator and comprising:
a programmable table used to provide a policy-driven mapping of arriving packet flows to an associated packet processing engine; and
a virtual interface to link-layer terminal ID mapping table in communication with a protection switch circuit to IP router line card mapping table; and

at least one packet processing engine in communication with the RF demodulator, wherein the packet aggregation switching device controls communication between the RF demodulator and the packet processing engine.
2. The system of claim 1, further comprising an RF modulator in communication with the packet processing engine along an egress path.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the packet aggregation switching device outputs traffic into the egress path.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising an extraction device in communication with the RF demodulator, wherein the extraction device extracts information relative to traffic received through the RF demodulator.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the extraction device extracts data from the traffic received through the RF demodulator and wherein the data indicates whether the traffic is packet flow or circuit flow.
6. The system of claim 4, wherein the extraction device further comprises a data link layer frame reassembly.
7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a remote interface in communication with the virtual interface to link-layer terminal ID mapping table and the protection switch circuit to IP router line card mapping table.
8. A method for providing regenerative satellite payload communications, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving a plurality of signals, wherein the plurality of signals comprises signal traffic;
segregating the signal traffic into circuit traffic and packet traffic;
converting packet traffic into bidirectional and symmetric digital packet aggregate flows using a programmable table to provide a policy-driven mapping of arriving packet flows to an associated packet processing engine;
merging the circuit traffic and the bidirectional and symmetric digital packet aggregate flows using a virtual interface to link-layer terminal ID mapping table in communication with a protection switch circuit to IP router line card mapping table to create merged traffic; and
providing downlink packet scheduling for the merged traffic.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of extracting data from the signal traffic to determine which signal traffic is the circuit traffic and which signal traffic is the packet traffic.
10. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of dynamically reassignable mapping of link-layer terminal IDs to network layer virtual interface IDs.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of segregating the signal traffic further comprises segregating the signal traffic with a packet aggregation switching device.
12. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of mapping which of a plurality of packet processing engines is responsible for processing a given per-terminal packet flow.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of merging is performed with the virtual interface to link-layer terminal ID mapping table.
14. A system for regenerative satellite payload communications, the system comprising:
an RF demodulator;
a packet aggregation switching device in communication with the RF demodulator and comprising:
a programmable table used to provide a policy-driven mapping of arriving packet flows to an associated packet processing engine; and
a remote interface in communication with a virtual interface to link-layer terminal ID mapping table and a protection switch circuit to IP router line card mapping table; and

at least one packet processing engine in communication with the RF demodulator, wherein the packet aggregation switching device controls communication between the RF demodulator and the packet processing engine.
15. The system of claim 14, further comprising an RF modulator in communication with the packet processing engine along an egress path.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the packet aggregation switching device outputs traffic into the egress path.
17. The system of claim 14, further comprising an extraction device in communication with the RF demodulator, wherein the extraction device extracts information relative to traffic received through the RF demodulator.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the extraction device extracts data from the traffic received through the RF demodulator and wherein the data indicates whether the traffic is packet flow or circuit flow.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the extraction device further comprises a data link layer frame reassembly.
20. The system of claim 14, wherein the packet aggregation switching device further comprises the virtual interface to link-layer terminal ID mapping table in communication with the protection switch circuit to IP router line card mapping table.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

We claim:

1. A turbocharger for a gas operated internal combustion engine, comprising:
a compressor with an impeller and a drive shaft, the impeller having an inlet side and an outlet side; and
an air intake connection arranged on the inlet side of the impeller having a plurality of gas passage openings.
2. The turbocharger according to claim 1, wherein the air intake connection has a tapered diameter including a small diameter region and a large diameter region, wherein the gas passage openings are arranged toward the small diameter region of the air intake connection.
3. The turbocharger according to claim 1, further comprising:
a compressor housing arranged about the impeller and the air intake connection, the housing including an annular supporting wall and an annular outflow housing which together define an annular collecting space, the annular collecting space including an inlet connection for allowing gas into the annular collecting space.
4. The turbocharger according to claim 1, wherein the gas passage openings are uniformly distributed over a circumference of the air intake connection.
5. The turbocharger according to claim 1, wherein the gas passage openings are arranged in the air intake connection in a direction of air flow into the connection.
6. The turbocharger according to claim 1, wherein the gas passage openings are inclined at an angle to an axis of the air intake connection.
7. The turbocharger according to claim 1, further comprising:
a compressor housing arranged about the impeller and the air intake connection; and
a silencer directly connected to the compressor housing.
8. The turbocharger according to claim 1, where in the impeller includes a hub at the inlet side, the turbocharger further comprising:
an insert body arranged in front of the hub of the impeller, in an air flow direction, so as to accelerate the air flow.
9. The turbocharger according to claim 8, wherein the gas passage openings are arranged in a region of the air intake connection proximate of the insert body.