1. A battery system, comprising:
a battery module, comprising:
a plurality of electrochemical cells;
a housing that houses the plurality of electrochemical cells, wherein the housing comprises a first side and a second side opposite to the first side;
a heat sink coupled with the second side of the housing; and
a thermal interface disposed between, and in contact with, the heat sink and the plurality of electrochemical cells, wherein the thermal interface physically contacts base ends of the plurality of electrochemical cells opposite to terminal ends of the plurality of electrochemical cells comprising terminals; and
a cage disposed about the housing, the cage having a cage side positioned next to the second side of the housing of the battery module and having a plurality of openings disposed in a portion of the cage side, wherein the plurality of openings enable air to be drawn through the plurality of openings from an area external to the cage such that the air enters into the cage and passes over the heat sink of the battery module along a path extending from a first end of the heat sink to a second end of the heat sink.
2. The battery system of claim 1, wherein each of the electrochemical cells are prismatic and the plurality of electrochemical cells comprises two adjacent stacks of electrochemical cells housed within the housing, wherein the heat sink comprises two thermally conductive plates aligned with the two adjacent stacks of electrochemical cells, and wherein the thermal interface comprises two thermal interface portions respectively disposed between the two heat sinks and the two adjacent stacks of electrochemical cells.
3. The battery system of claim 2, wherein the housing comprises an internal partition separating the two adjacent stacks of electrochemical cells and extending from an internal surface of the second side of the housing toward the first side of the housing.
4. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the cage side, the second side of the housing, and the heat sink are oriented to coordinate with Earth’s gravitational force to encourage the air to flow over the heat sink from the first side of the heat sink upwardly to the second side of the heat sink.
5. The battery system of claim 1, wherein one or more additional cage sides include a second plurality of openings to enable air to be drawn into the cage.
6. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the heat sink comprises a thermally conductive plate.
7. The battery system of claim 6, wherein the thermally conductive plate comprises a plurality of cooling fins extending therefrom and away from the second side of the housing.
8. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the thermal interface comprises a thermal gap pad, a thermal filler, a thermal paste, or a thermal adhesive.
9. The battery system of claim 1, wherein an internal surface of the heat sink is flush with an internal surface of the second side of the housing.
10. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises two reinforcing sides extending between the first side and the second side, and the two reinforcing sides comprise a webbed pattern that increases a surface area of the housing exposed to an area outside of the housing.
11. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the heat sink is in-molded with the second side of the housing.
12. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the path is aligned with Earth’s gravitational force.
13. The battery system of claim 1, wherein each electrochemical cell of the plurality of electrochemical cells is a prismatic cell.
14. The battery system of claim 1, wherein each electrochemical cell of the plurality of electrochemical cells is a Lithium-ion electrochemical cell.
15. The battery system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrochemical cells are disposed in two stacks of electrochemical cells, and each stack comprises 3, 6, or 10 electrochemical cells.
16. A battery system, comprising:
a battery module having a housing configured to house electrochemical cells therein, wherein the battery module comprises a heat sink coupled to a first side of the housing; and
a cage configured to receive the battery module, wherein the cage comprises:
a cage side configured to be aligned with the first side of the housing of the battery module and having a plurality of openings disposed in a portion of the cage side, wherein the plurality of openings enable air to be drawn through the plurality of openings from an area external to the cage such that the air enters into the cage and passes over the heat sink of the battery module along a path extending from a first end of the heat sink to a second end of the heat sink.
17. The battery system of claim 16, wherein the heat sink coupled to the first side of the housing is in-molded in the first side of the housing.
18. The battery system of claim 16, wherein the cage side, the first side of the housing, and the heat sink are oriented to coordinate with Earth’s gravitational force to encourage the air to flow over the heat sink from the first side of the heat sink upwardly to the second side of the heat sink.
19. The battery system of claim 16, wherein the path is aligned with Earth’s gravitational force.
20. The battery system of claim 16, wherein a second cage side comprises a second plurality of openings disposed in a second portion of the second cage side, wherein the second plurality of openings enable air to be drawn through the second plurality of openings from the area external to the cage such that the air enters into the cage.
21. The battery system of claim 16, comprising an upper opening in a top of the cage configured to enable the air to vent through the upper opening.
22. The battery system of claim 21, comprising a hood disposed proximate to the top of the cage and configured to extract heat from the air vented through the upper opening.
23. A battery system, comprising:
a battery module;
a housing of the battery module that houses a plurality of electrochemical cells in two stacks of electrochemical cells, and having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side, wherein the second side comprises two cutouts, each cutout being aligned with a respective one of the two stacks of electrochemical cells;
two heat sinks of the battery module disposed in the two cutouts and aligned with the two stacks of electrochemical cells; and
two thermal interfaces of the battery module, each thermal interface being disposed between, and in contact with, a respective one of the two heat sinks and a respective one of the two stacks of electrochemical cells, wherein the two thermal interfaces physically contact base ends of the plurality of electrochemical cells opposite to terminal ends of the plurality of electrochemical cells comprising terminals; and
a cage disposed about the battery module, wherein the cage comprises:
a cage side positioned next to the second side of the housing of the battery module and having a plurality of openings disposed in a portion of the cage side, wherein the plurality of openings enables air to be drawn through the plurality of openings from an external area such that the air enters into the cage and passes over the two heat sinks of the battery module along a path extending from first ends of the two heat sinks to second ends of the two heat sinks.
24. The battery system of claim 23, wherein the two heat sinks are in-molded with the second side of the housing.
25. The battery system of claim 23, wherein the cage side, the second side of the housing, and the two heat sinks are oriented to coordinate with Earth’s gravitational force to encourage the air to flow over the two heat sink from the bottoms of the two heat sinks upwardly.
26. The battery system of claim 23, wherein the housing comprises an internal partition separating the two stacks of electrochemical cells and extending from an internal surface of the second side of the housing toward the first side of the housing.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. An isolated peptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an amino acid sequence of a V-domain of a receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
2. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is A-Q-N-I-T-A-R-I-G-E-P-L-V-L-K-C-K-G-A-P-K-K-P-P-Q-R-L-E-W-K (Seq. I.D. No. 1).
3. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is G-Q-N-I-T-A-R-I-G-E-P-L-V-L-S-C-K-G-A-P-K-K-P-P-Q-Q-L-E-W-K (Seq. I.D. No. 2).
4. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is G-Q-N-I-T-A-R-I-G-E-P-L-M-L-S-C-K-A-A-P-K-K-P-T-Q-K-L-E-W-K (Seq. I.D. No. 3).
5. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is D-Q-N-I-T-A-R-I-G-K-P-L-V-L-N-C-K-G-A-P-K-K-P-P-Q-Q-L-E-W-K (Seq. I.D. No. 4).
6. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the peptide of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the carrier is a diluent, an aerosol, a topical carrier, an aqueous solution, a nonaqueous solution or a solid carrier.
8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the carrier is a polymer or a toothpaste.
9. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the peptide of claim 1 linked to an antibody or portion thereof.
10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the antibody is capable of specifically binding to the receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody.
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the portion of the antibody comprises a Fab or a Fc.
14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the portion of the antibody comprises a complementarity determining region or a variable region.
15. A method for inhibiting an amyloid- peptide’s interaction with a receptor for advanced glycation end product when the receptor is on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an amount of an inhibitor of said interaction effective to inhibit interaction of the amyloid- peptide with the receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cell is a cell of a subject.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the subject is a human.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the cell is a neuronal cell, an endothelial cell, a glial cell, a microglial cell, a smooth muscle cell, a somatic cell, a bone marrow cell, a liver cell, an intestinal cell, a germ cell, a myocyte, a mononuclear phagocyte, an endothelial cell, a tumor cell, a lymphocyte cell, a mesangial cell, a retinal epithelial cell, a retinal vascular cell a ganglion cell or a stem cell.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is a normal cell, an activated cell, a neoplastic cell, a diseased cell or an infected cell.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein the inhibitor comprises a peptide, a peptidomimetic compound, a nucleic acid molecule, a small molecule, an organic compound, an inorganic compound, or an antibody or a fragment thereof.
22. The method of claim 15, wherein the inhibitor is the isolated peptide of claim 1.
23. The method of claim 15, wherein the inhibitor is a soluble V-domain of a receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
24. The method of claim 15, wherein the inhibitor comprises an antibody or fragment thereof.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the antibody is capable of specifically binding to the receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody.
28. The method of claim 24, wherein the antibody fragment comprises a Fab or Fc fragment.
29. The method of claim 24, wherein the fragment of the antibody comprises a complementarity determining region.
30. The method of claim 15, wherein the inhibitor is capable of specifically binding to the amyloid- peptide.
31. A method for inhibiting degeneration of a neuronal cell which comprises contacting the cell with an inhibitor of the interaction of an amyloid- peptide with a receptor for advanced glycation end product so as to inhibit the interaction and thereby inhibit degeneration of the neuronal cell.
32. A method for inhibiting formation of an amyloid- peptide fibril on a cell which comprises contacting the cell with an inhibitor of the interaction of an amyloid- peptide with a receptor for advanced glycation end product so as to inhibit the interaction and thereby inhibit formation of the amyloid- peptide fibril on a cell.
33. A method for inhibiting extracellular assembly of an amyloid- peptide into a fibril which comprises contacting the amyloid- peptide with an inhibitor of the interaction of an amyloid- peptide with another amyloid- peptide so as to inhibit the interaction and thereby inhibit extracellular assembly of an amyloid- peptide into a fibril.
34. A method for inhibiting aggregation of amyloid- peptide on the surface of a cell which comprises contacting the amyloid- peptide with an inhibitor of the interaction of the amyloid- peptide with a receptor for advanced glycation end product so as to inhibit the interaction and thereby inhibit aggregation of amyloid- peptide on the surface of a cell.
35. A method for inhibiting infiltration of a microglial cell into senile plaques which comprises contacting the microglial cell with an inhibitor of the interaction of an amyloid- peptide with a receptor for advanced glycation end product on the surface of the microglial cell, so as to inhibit the interaction and thereby inhibit infiltration of a microglial cell into senile plaques.
36. A method for inhibiting activation of a microglial cell by an amyloid- peptide which comprises contacting the microglial cell with an inhibitor of the interaction of the amyloid- peptide with a receptor for advanced glycation end product on the surface of the microglial cell so as to inhibit the interaction and thereby inhibit activation of a microglial cell.
37. A method for treating a subject with a condition associated with an interaction of an amyloid- peptide with a receptor for advanced glycation end product on a cell, which comprises administering to the subject an inhibitor capable of inhibiting the interaction of the amyloid- peptide with the receptor for advanced glycation end product, the inhibitor being present in an amount effective to inhibit the amyloid- peptide interaction with the receptor, thereby treating the subject.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the condition is diabetes, Alzheimer’s Disease, senility, renal failure, hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis, neuronal cytotoxicity, Down’s syndrome, dementia associated with head trauma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, amyloidosis, an autoimmune disease, inflammation, a tumor, cancer, male impotence, wound healing, periodontal disease, neuopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy or neuronal degeneration.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein the subject is a mammal.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein the mammal is a human.
41. The method of claim 37, wherein the administration comprises intralesional, intraperitoneal, intramuscular or intravenous injection; infusion; liposome-mediated delivery; topical, nasal, oral, anal, subcutaneous, vaginal, sublingual, uretheral, transdermal, intrathecal, ocular or otic delivery.
42. The method of claim 37, wherein the condition is associated with degeneration of a neuronal cell in the subject.
43. The method of claim 37, wherein the condition is associated with formation of an amyloid- peptide fibril.
44. The method of claim 37, wherein the condition is associated with aggregation of amyloid- peptide.
45. The method of claim 37, wherein the condition is associated with infiltration of a microglial cell into a senile plaque.
46. The method of claim 37, wherein the condition is associated with activation of a microglial cell by an amyloid- peptide.
47. The method of claim 37, wherein the inhibitor consists essentially of a portion of the peptide of claim 1.
48. The method of claim 37, wherein the inhibitor comprises the pharmaceutical composition of claim 6.
49. A method for evaluating the ability of an agent to inhibit binding of an amyloid- peptide with a V-domain of a receptor for advanced glycation end product on the surface of a cell which comprises:
(a) contacting the cell with the agent and amyloid- peptide;
(b) determining the amount of amyloid- peptide bound to the cell, and (c) comparing the amount of bound amyloid- peptide determined in step (b) with the amount determined in the absence of the agent, thus evaluating the ability of the agent to inhibit the binding of amyloid- peptide to the V-domain of the receptor for advanced glycation end product on the surface of the cell.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein the cell is contacted with the agent and the amyloid- peptide simultaneously.
51. The method of claim 49, wherein the cell is contacted with the amyloid- peptide and the agent.
52. The method of claim 49, wherein the cell is a neuronal cell, an endothelial cell, a glial cell, a microglial cell, a smooth muscle cell, a somatic cell, a bone marrow cell, a liver cell, an intestinal cell, a germ cell, a myocyte, a mononuclear phagocyte, an endothelial cell, a tumor cell, a lymphocyte cell, a mesangial cell, a retinal epithelial cell, a retinal vascular cell a ganglion cell or a stem cell.
53. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent comprises a peptide, a peptidomimetic compound, a nucleic acid molecule, a small molecule, an organic compound, an inorganic compound, or an antibody or a fragment thereof.
54. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is a peptide having the amino acid sequence A-Q-N-I-T-A-R-I-G-E-P-L-V-L-K-C-K-G-A-P-K-K-P-P-Q-R-L-E-W-K (Seq. I.D. No. 1).
55. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is a peptide having the amino acid sequence A-Q-N-I-T-A-R-I-G-E (Seq. I.D. No. 5).
56. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is a soluble V-domain of a receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
57. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is a soluble extracellular portion of a receptor for advanced glycation end product.
58. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is an antibody or fragment thereof or is linked to an antibody or fragment thereof.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein the antibody is capable of specifically binding to a receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
60. The method of claim 58, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
61. The method of claim 58, wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody.
62. The method of claim 58, wherein the fragment of the antibody comprises a Fab or Fc fragment.
63. The method of claim 58, wherein the fragment of the antibody comprises a complementarity determining region.
64. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is capable of specifically binding to the amyloid- peptide.
65. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is bound to a solid support.
66. The method of claim 49, wherein the agent is expressed on the surface of a cell.
67. A method for inhibiting activation of an NF-B gene in a cell which comprises contacting the cell with an inhibitor of the interaction of amyloid- peptide with a receptor for advanced glycation endproduct on the cell so as to inhibit the interation and thus inhibit activation of NF-B in the cell.
68. A method for inhibiting periodontal disease in a subject which comprises administering topically to the subject a pharmaceutical composition which comprises sRAGE in an amount effective to accelerate wound healing and thereby inhibit periodontal disease.
69. The method of claim 71, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises sRAGE in a toothpaste.
70. A method for inhibiting an advanced glycation endproduct’s interaction with a receptor for advanced glycation end product when the receptor is on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an amount of an inhibitor of said interaction effective to inhibit interaction of the advanced glycation endproduct with the receptor for advanced glycation endproduct.
71. The method of claim 70, wherein the cell is an endothelial cell, a vascular smooth muscle cell, a neuronal cell, a macrophage, a lymphocyte, a retinal vacular cell, a retinal neuronal cell, a cell associated with gingiva, a cell associated with skin, a mesangial cell or a connective tissue cell.
72. The method of claim 70, wherein the advanced glycation endproduct is a pentosidine, a carboxymethyllysine, a carboxyethyllysine, a pyrallines, an imidizalone, a methylglyoxal, an ethylglyoxal.
73. A method for treating a subject with a condition associated with an interaction of an advanced glycation endproduct with a receptor for advanced glycation end product on a cell, which comprises administering to the subject an inhibitor capable of inhibiting the interaction of the advanced glycation endproduct with the receptor for advanced glycation end product, the inhibitor being present in an amount effective to inhibit the advanced glycation endproduct interaction with the receptor, thereby treating the subject.
74. The method of claim 73, wherein the condition is diabetes, renal failure, hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis, associated with diabetes, neuronal cytotoxicity, Down’s syndrome, dementia associated with head trauma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, amyloidosis, an autoimmune disease, inflammation, a tumor, cancer, male impotence, wound healing, periodontal disease, neuopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy or neuronal degeneration.
75. The method of claim 73, wherein the advanced glycation endproduct is a pentosidine, a carboxymethyllysine, a carboxyethyllysine, a pyrallines, an imidizalone, a methylglyoxal, an ethylglyoxal.