1. A mediator-less biosensor for detecting an analyte within a detection environment, the mediator-less biosensor comprising:
a substrate having an electrically conductive chemically modified surface to which a functionalizing agent is covalently bonded; and
a first enzyme immobilized relative to the surface by way of covalent bonding to one of the functionalizing agent, a polymer chemically bonded to the functionalizing agent, and a nano-engineered material chemically bonded to the functionalizing agent, wherein the first enzyme is suitable for detecting one of glucose, cholesterol, alcohol, lactate, acetylcholine, choline, hypoxanthine, and xanthine,
wherein the mediator-less biosensor is configured for direct electron transfer between the analyte and the first enzyme in response to application of a negative electrical potential to the surface relative to the detection environment,
wherein the first enzyme becomes covalently bonded to the surface by way of (a) exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying a mixture of the first enzyme and the functionalizing agent, (b) exposure of the surface to a suspension comprising the polymer and the functionalizing agent, or (c) exposure of the surface to a fluid medium comprising the functionalizing agent, the polymer, and the first enzyme,
wherein the nano-engineered material includes at least one of graphene nano-platelets, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and nanocrystalline cellulose, and
wherein the substrate carries one of a metal and a carbon based material.
2. (canceled)
3. The mediator-less biosensor of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive chemically modified surface carries hydroxyl groups to which the functionalizing agent is covalently bound, andor wherein the functionalizing agent comprises an organofunctional alkoxysilane compound.
4-8. (canceled)
9. The mediator-less biosensor of claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises one of an amino acid polymer and a glucosamine based polymer.
10-16. (canceled)
17. The mediator-less biosensor of claim 1, wherein the mediator-less biosensor is capable of detecting glucose across substantially the entire diabetic pathological concentration range, including a glucose concentration range of approximately 0.5-32 mM.
18-22. (canceled)
23. The mediator-less biosensor of claim 1, wherein the nano-engineered material becomes covalently bonded to the surface by way of exposure of the surface to (a) the functionalizing agent thereby creating a functionalized surface, followed by exposure of the functionalized surface to a polar dispersion agent carrying the nano-engineered material, (b) a suspension comprising the nano-engineered material and the functionalizing agent, or (c) a fluid medium comprising the functionalizing agent, the nano-engineered material, and the first enzyme.
24-25. (canceled)
26. The mediator-less biosensor of claim 1, further comprising a second enzyme immobilized relative to the surface by way of covalent bonding to one of the functionalizing agent, the polymer, and the nano-engineered material, wherein the second enzyme can reduce a byproduct of an electrochemical analyte detection reaction, andor the second enzyme increases at least one of dynamic analyte detection range and analyte detection sensitivity.
27-29. (canceled)
30. The mediator-less biosensor of claim 26, wherein the first enzyme comprises glucose oxidase, and wherein the mediator-less biosensor is capable of detecting glucose across a concentration range of approximately 0.5-48 mM.
31. The mediator-less biosensor of claim 26, wherein the first enzyme and the second enzyme become covalently bonded to (a) the functionalizing agent by way of exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying the functionalizing agent, the first enzyme, and the second enzyme, (b) the polymer by way of exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying the functionalizing agent, the polymer, the first enzyme, and the second enzyme, or (c) the nano-engineered material by way of exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying the functionalizing agent, the nano-engineered material, the first enzyme, and the second enzyme.
32-33. (canceled)
34. A method for manufacturing a mediator-less biosensor configured for detecting an analyte in a detection environment, the method comprising:
providing a substrate having an electrically conductive chemically modified surface by way of exposing an electrically conductive portion of the surface to a surface modification agent such that the surface carries hydroxyl groups;
covalently bonding a functionalizing agent to the surface; and
performing an immobilization process comprising one of:
(a) covalently bonding a first enzyme to the functionalizing agent by way of (i) exposure of the surface to the functionalizing agent thereby creating a functionalized surface, followed by exposure of the functionalized surface to the first enzyme, or (ii) exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying a mixture of the first enzyme and the functionalizing agent;
(b) covalently bonding a polymer to the functionalizing agent and covalently bonding the first enzyme to the polymer by way of (i) exposure of the surface to a suspension comprising the polymer and the functionalizing agent, or (ii) exposure of the surface to a fluid medium comprising the functionalizing agent, the polymer, and the first enzyme; and
(c) covalently bonding a nano-engineered material to the functionalizing agent and covalently bonding the first enzyme to the nano-engineered material by way of (i) exposure of the surface to a suspension comprising the nano-engineered material and the functionalizing agent, or (ii) exposure of the surface to a fluid medium comprising the functionalizing agent, the nano-engineered material, and the first enzyme,
wherein the mediator-less biosensor is configured for direct electron transfer between the analyte and the first enzyme in response to application of a negative electrical potential to the surface relative to the detection environment,
wherein the first enzyme is suitable for detecting one of glucose, cholesterol, alcohol, lactate, acetylcholine, choline, hypoxanthine, and xanthine,
wherein the nano-engineered material includes at least one of graphene nano-platelets, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and nanocrystalline cellulose, and
wherein the substrate carries one of a metal and a carbon based material.
35-40. (canceled)
41. The method of claim 34, wherein the polymer comprises one of an amino acid polymer and a glucosamine based polymer.
42-48. (canceled)
49. The method of claim 34, wherein the mediator-less biosensor is capable of detecting glucose across substantially the entire diabetic pathological concentration range, including a glucose concentration range of approximately 0.5-32 mM.
50-57. (canceled)
58. The method of claim 34, wherein the immobilization process involves the first enzyme and a second enzyme different than the first enzyme, and wherein the immobilization process comprises one of:
(a) covalently bonding the first enzyme and the second enzyme to the functionalizing agent;
(b) covalently bonding a polymer to the functionalizing agent and covalently bonding the first enzyme and the second enzyme to the polymer; and
(c) covalently bonding a nano-engineered material to the functionalizing agent and covalently bonding the first enzyme and the second enzyme to the nano-engineered material.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein the second enzyme can reduce a byproduct of an electrochemical analyte detection reaction, andor wherein the second enzyme increases at least one of dynamic analyte detection range and analyte detection sensitivity.
60-61. (canceled)
62. The method of claim 58, wherein the first enzyme comprises glucose oxidase, and wherein the mediator-less biosensor is capable of detecting glucose across a concentration range of approximately 0.5-48 mM.
63. The method of claim 58, wherein the first enzyme and the second enzyme become covalently bonded to (a) the functionalizing agent by way of exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying the functionalizing agent, the first enzyme, and the second enzyme, or (b) the polymer by way of exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying the functionalizing agent, the polymer, the first enzyme, and the second enzyme, or (c) the nano-engineered material by way of exposure of the surface to a fluid medium carrying the functionalizing agent, the nano-engineered material, the first enzyme, and the second enzyme.
64-75. (canceled)
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. An off-road vehicle comprising a frame, a plurality of wheels arranged to support the frame, an internal combustion engine powering at least one of the wheels, and an air intake system arranged to supply air to the engine at a location higher than an uppermost surface of the wheels, the air intake system having an air inlet through which ambient air enters the intake system, the air inlet positioned higher than the wheels, and an air intake duct extending rearward to the engine, at least a portion of the air intake duct being positioned lower than the uppermost surface of the wheels.
2. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 1 additionally comprising a hood configured to cover at least a front portion of the frame, the air inlet disposed below the hood.
3. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 1, wherein the air intake system comprises an air cleaner configured to clean the air enter through the air inlet.
4. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the air cleaner is positioned below the hood.
5. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 1 additionally comprising at least two seat assemblies disposed side by side on the frame, the air inlet positioned between the seat assemblies in a top plan view of the vehicle.
6. An off-road vehicle comprising a frame, a plurality of wheels arranged to support the frame, a hood configured to cover at least a first portion of the frame, an internal combustion engine powering at least one of the wheels, and an air intake system arranged to supply air to the engine, the air intake system comprising an air cleaner configured to clean the air, the air cleaner disposed below a central portion of the hood.
7. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 6, wherein the engine is disposed on a second portion of the frame, the second portion is spaced apart from the first portion, the air intake system additionally comprises an air delivery conduit arranged to deliver the air in the air cleaner to the engine.
8. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 7, wherein the engine has an air intake port communicating with a combustion chamber of the engine and the air delivery conduit connects the air cleaner to the air intake port.
9. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 8, wherein the air delivery conduit comprises a throttle body that has a throttle valve to regulate an amount of air passing to the combustion.
10. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 9, wherein the air delivery conduit includes an accumulator disposed between the throttle body and the balance of the intake duct, an inner diameter of the accumulator is greater than an inner diameter of the rest of the delivery conduit.
11. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 7 additionally comprising a third portion of the frame extending between the first and second portions, the third portion including a floorboard, at least a portion of the air delivery conduit extending below the floorboard.
12. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 7 additionally comprising a seat unit disposed on the second portion of the frame, the engine and the seat unit positioned next to each other.
13. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 12, wherein the seat unit comprises at least two seat assemblies placed side by side, the engine at least in part is interposed between the seat assemblies.
14. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 13, wherein each one of the seat assemblies comprises a seat and a pedestal that supports the seat.
15. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 7, wherein at least a portion of the air delivery conduit is positioned higher than the air cleaner.
16. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the air cleaner is positioned higher than the wheels.
17. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the air cleaner is positioned higher than the wheels.
18. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 17 additionally comprising a seat unit that defines a surface onto which a driver or passenger of the vehicle sits, the surface positioned higher than the wheels, and at least a portion of the air cleaner is positioned higher than the surface.
19. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 18, wherein the air cleaner has an air inlet and at least the air inlet is positioned higher than the surface.
20. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 17, wherein the air cleaner has an air inlet and at least the air inlet is positioned higher than the wheels.
21. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 6, wherein the hood additionally covers at least one of the wheels.
22. An off-road vehicle comprising a frame, a plurality of wheels arranged to support the frame, at least two seat assemblies disposed side by side on the frame, an internal combustion engine powering at least one of the wheels, and an air intake system arranged to supply air to the engine, the air intake system comprising an air cleaner configured to clean the air, at least a portion of the air cleaner is positioned between the seat assemblies.
23. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 22, wherein at least a portion of the engine is positioned between the seat assemblies.
24. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 22, wherein the engine has an air intake port communicating with a combustion chamber of the engine, the air intake system additionally comprising an air delivery conduit arranged to connect the air cleaner to the air intake port.
25. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 24, wherein the air delivery conduit comprises a throttle body that has a throttle valve to regulate an amount of air passing to the combustion chamber.
26. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 24, wherein at least a portion of the air delivery conduit is positioned between the seat assemblies.
27. The off-road as set forth in claim 26, wherein at least a portion of the air intake port is positioned forward of a seat back of each of the respective seat assemblies.
28. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 22, wherein at least a portion of the air cleaner is positioned higher than the wheels.
29. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 28, wherein each one of the seat assemblies defines a surface onto which a driver or passenger of the vehicle sits, the top surface is positioned higher the wheels, and at least a portion of the air cleaner is positioned higher than the surface.
30. The off-road vehicle as set forth in claim 29, wherein the air cleaner has an air inlet and at least the air inlet is positioned higher than the surface.
31. An off-road vehicle comprising a frame, a plurality of wheels arranged to support the frame, at least one seat supported by the frame, an internal combustion engine powering at least one of the wheels, and an air intake system arranged to supply air to the engine, the air intake system comprising an air cleaner configured to filter the air, the seat being disposed in a fore to aft direction on the vehicle such that the air cleaner lies forward of the seat and at least a portion of the engine lies to the rear of the seat.