Author: claimsbot

That which is claimed is:

1. A file data storage apparatus, comprising:
a housing;
an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) positioned in the housing; and
a file data storage device positioned in the housing, powered by the UPS, configured to be coupled to a computer to receive file data therefrom, and operative to store the received file data.
2. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a common communications transceiver circuit positioned in the housing and configured to provide communications for the UPS and the file data storage device.
3. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the common communications transceiver circuit is configured to be coupled to an external communications port of the computer.
4. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the communications transceiver circuit comprises at least one of a wireline transceiver circuit and a wireless transceiver circuit.
5. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the file data storage device comprises at least one of electronic storage, magnetic storage, and optical storage.
6. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the file storage device comprises a non-volatile storage medium.
7. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the UPS is configured to be coupled to the computer to provide power thereto.
8. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the file data storage device is configured to be coupled to at least one of a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer and a computer workstation.
9. A file data storage apparatus, comprising:
an uninterruptible power supply (UPS);
a file data storage device powered by the UPS; and
a communications transceiver circuit configured to provide a common computer interface for the UPS and the file data storage device.
10. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the communications transceiver circuit is configured to be coupled to an external communications port of a computer.
11. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the communications transceiver circuit comprises at least one of a wireline transceiver circuit and a wireless transceiver circuit.
12. A file data storage apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the UPS, the file data storage device and the communications transceiver circuit are integrated in a common housing.
13. An apparatus, comprising:
a computer including a communications port configured to be coupled to both a UPS and an external file storage medium and to communicate with the external file storage medium and the UPS that share a communications transceiver circuit.
14. An apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the computer is configured to implement a UPS-based file data storage agent that is operative to communicate with the UPS and the external file storage medium via the common communications transceiver.
15. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to transfer file data from the computer to the external storage medium responsive to a status of the UPS.
16. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to secure file data for storage in the external storage medium.
17. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to create an access code for file data stored in the external storage medium and to convey the created access code to a control circuit of the external storage medium.
18. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to apply an encryption algorithm to file data stored at the computer and to convey the encrypted file data to the external storage medium.
19. An apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to decrypt file data retrieved from the external storage medium.
20. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to provide a security code to a control circuit of the external storage medium to access file data stored in the external storage medium.
21. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to establish a user interface at the computer and to mark selected files resident at the computer for storage in the external storage medium responsive to a user input.
22. A computer program product comprising program code embodied in a computer-readable storage medium, the computer program code comprising:
program code configured to implement a UPS-based file data storage agent in a computer, the UPS-based file data storage agent operative to communicate with a UPS and an external storage medium that share a communications transceiver circuit.
23. A computer program product according to claim 22, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to transfer file data from the computer to the external storage medium responsive to a status of the UPS.
24. A computer program product according to claim 22, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to secure file data for storage in the external storage medium.
25. A computer program product according to claim 24, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to create an access code for file data stored in the external storage medium and to convey the created access code to a control circuit of the external storage medium.
26. A computer program product according to claim 24, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to apply an encryption algorithm to file data stored at the computer and to convey the encrypted file data to the external storage medium.
27. A computer program product according to claim 24, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to decrypt file data retrieved from the external storage medium.
28. A computer program product according to claim 24, wherein the UPS-based file data storage agent is operative to provide a security code to a control circuit of the external storage medium to access file data stored in the external storage medium.
29. A computer program product according to claim 22, wherein the computer program code further comprises program code configured to establish a user interface at the computer and to mark selected data files resident at the computer for storage in the external storage medium responsive to a user input.
30. A method of maintaining a file data storage apparatus, the method comprising:
communicating control signals and file data between a computer and respective ones of a UPS and a storage medium that share a communications transceiver circuit.
31. A method according to claim 30, further comprising powering the computer andor the storage medium from the UPS.
32. A method according to claim 30, wherein the communications transceiver circuit comprises at least one of a wireline transceiver circuit and a wireless transceiver circuit.
33. A method according to claim 30, further comprising housing the UPS and the storage medium in a common housing.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method comprising:
receiving at a destination node in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) a transmission request (CC-RTS) frame from a source node in said WLAN, said CC-RTS frame including a reservation duration value indicating the length of time needed for a transmission reservation;
adjusting by each node that has heard the CC-RTS a timer indicating the period said node in said WLAN must refrain from transmitting on the channel (NAV) for a time period of a reservation duration of a transmission requesttransmission response (CC-RTSCC-CTS) handshake;
determining by said destination node whether said CC-RTS has been accepted by said destination node;
when said CC-RTS has not been accepted, then receiving a second CC-RTS frame having a reservation duration value of zero at said destination node from said source node; and
when said CC-RTS is accepted by said destination node then extending said NAV to the reservation duration of the remainder of the reservation duration value of the original CC-RTS frame by said source node.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said determining whether the CC-RTS has been denied comprises determining whether the CC-RTS has been denied by receiving a transmission response (CC-CTS) frame for said source node from said destination node, said CC-CTS frame having a reservation duration value of zero.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said CC-RTS frame is sent at a more robust PHY than traffic frames, data frames and management frames, wherein said CC-RTS frame sent at a more robust PHY mode than traffic frames comprises sending the CC_RTS frame at one of the group comprising a higher transmit power than traffic frames, and a lower data rate than traffic frames.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein said CC-CTS frame is sent at a more robust PHY than traffic frames, data frames and management frames, wherein said CC-CTS frame sent at a more robust PHY mode than traffic frames comprises sending the CC_CTS frame at one of the group comprising a higher transmit power than traffic frames, and a lower data rate than traffic frames.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said source node concludes that the CC-RTS is not authorized if said source node does not receive a CC-CTS from said destination node within SIFS time.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said determining whether the CC-RTS has been accepted comprises determining the CC-RTS has been accepted by receiving a transmission response (CC-CTS) frame for said source node from said destination node.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said CC-RTSCC-CTS Handshake Time comprises a CC-CTS transmit time plus a CC-RTS transmit time plus twice a Short InterFrame Space (SIFS) time.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising receiving a plurality of CC-RTS frames within said CC-RTSCC-CTS Handshake Time, and maintaining a source Identifier (ID) and a reservation duration value for each of said plurality of CC-RTS frames.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said maintaining is done for a full CC-RTS interval reservation duration.
10. A computer readable storage medium having computer readable code thereon for providing communications in a wireless network, the medium comprising:
instructions for receiving at a destination node in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) a transmission request (CC-RTS) frame from a source node in said WLAN, said CC-RTS frame including a reservation duration value indicating the length of time needed for a transmission reservation;
instructions for adjusting by each node that has heard the CC-RTS a timer indicating the period said node in said WLAN must refrain from transmitting on the channel (NAV) for a time period of a reservation duration of a transmission requesttransmission response (CC-RTSCC-CTS) handshake;
instructions for determining by said destination node whether said CC-RTS has been accepted by said destination node;
instructions for when said CC-RTS has not been accepted, then receiving a second CC-RTS frame having a reservation duration value of zero at said destination node from said source node; and
instructions for when said CC-RTS is accepted by said destination node then extending said NAV to the reservation duration of the remainder of the reservation duration value of the original CC-RTS frame by said source node.
11. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10 wherein said instructions for determining whether the CC-RTS has been denied comprises instructions for determining whether the CC-RTS has been denied by receiving a transmission response (CC-CTS) frame for said source node from said destination node, said CC-CTS frame having a reservation duration value of zero.
12. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10 wherein said CC-RTS frame is sent at a more robust PHY than traffic frames, data frames and management frames, wherein said CC-RTS frame sent at a more robust PHY mode than traffic frames comprises sending the CC_RTS frame at one of the group comprising a higher transmit power than traffic frames, and a lower data rate than traffic frames.
13. The computer readable storage medium of claim 11 wherein said CC-CTS frame is sent at a more robust PHY than traffic frames, data frames and management frames, wherein said CC-CTS frame sent at a more robust PHY mode than traffic frames comprises sending the CC_CTS frame at one of the group comprising a higher transmit power than traffic frames, and a lower data rate than traffic frames.
14. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10 wherein said source node concludes that the CC-RTS is not authorized if said source node does not receive a CC-CTS from said destination node within SIFS time.
15. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10 wherein said instructions for determining whether the CC-RTS has been accepted comprises instructions for determining the CC-RTS has been accepted by receiving a transmission response (CC-CTS) frame for said source node from said destination node.
16. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10 wherein said CC-RTSCC-CTS Handshake Time comprises a CC-CTS transmit time plus a CC-RTS transmit time plus twice a Short InterFrame Space (SIFS) time.
17. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10 further comprising instructions for receiving a plurality of CC-RTS frames within said CC-RTSCC-CTS Handshake Time, and instructions for maintaining a source Identifier (ID) and a reservation duration value for each of said plurality of CC-RTS frames.
18. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17 wherein said maintaining is done for a full CC-RTS interval reservation duration.
19. A wireless network comprising:
a source node;
a destination node in communication with said source node;
a plurality of other nodes in communication with said source node and said destination node; and
wherein said source node sends a transmission request (CC-RTS) frame for said destination node, said CC-RTS frame including a reservation duration value indicating the length of time needed for a transmission reservation, the CC-RTS frame sent at a more robust PHY mode than traffic frames, said nodes that heard the CC-RTS setting a timer indicating the period other nodes must refrain from transmitting on the channel (NAV) for a time period of a reservation duration of a transmission requesttransmission response (CC-RTSCC-CTS) handshake, said source node determining whether said CC-RTS has been accepted by said destination node, when said CC-RTS has not been accepted then said source node sending a second CC-RTS frame having a reservation duration value of zero node to said destination node, and when said CC-RTS is accepted then extending said NAV to the reservation duration of the remainder of the reservation duration value of the original CC-RTS frame.
20. The wireless network of claim 19 wherein said determining whether the CC-RTS has been accepted comprises determining the CC-RTS has been accepted by receiving a transmission response (CC-CTS) frame for said source node from said destination node, said CC-CTS frame having a reservation duration value of zero, the CC-CTS frame sent at a more robust PHY mode than traffic frames, and wherein said determining whether the CC-RTS has been accepted comprises determining the CC-RTS has been accepted by receiving a CC-CTS frame for said source node from said destination node, said CC-CTS having a reservation duration value greater than zero.
21. The wireless network of claim 19 wherein a plurality of CC-RTS frames are received within said CC-RTSCC-CTS handshake time, wherein a source Identifier (ID) and a reservation duration value are maintained for each of said plurality of CC-RTS frames, and wherein said source ID and said reservation duration value for each of said plurality of CC-RTS frames is done for a full CC-RTS interval reservation duration.

1. A Light Emitting Diode (LED) package, comprising:
a Printed Circuit Board (PCB);
an LED mounted on the PCB;
a pillar placed higher than the LED around the LED on the PCB;
a transparent plate disposed on the pillar, spaced apart from the LED, and configured to transmit light emitted from the LED; and
a fluorescent layer formed on a surface of the transparent plate, facing the LED, and conformably coated with a substance for converting the light emitted from the LED into white light by changing a wavelength of the light,
wherein an electrical pad of the LED and an electrical pad of the PCB are electrically connected to each other, and the LED and the fluorescent layer are spaced apart from each other.
2. The LED package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the LED is disposed within an area corresponding to the fluorescent layer.
3. The LED package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fluorescent layer includes silicon.
4. The LED package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pillar reflects the light emitted from the LED in a direction of the LED when the light comes in contact with the pillar.
5. The LED package as claimed in claim 1, wherein a face of the pillar, facing the LED, is formed at a specific angle.
6. The LED package as claimed in claim 5, wherein the face of the pillar, facing the LED, is formed at an angle of about 15\xb0 to 90\xb0 to the PCB.
7. The LED package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transparent plate is formed of a lens or a transparent substrate.
8. The LED package as claimed in claim 1, wherein a distance between the fluorescent layer and the LED is about 10 to 20,000 \u03bcm.
9. A Light Emitting Diode (LED) package, comprising:
a Printed Circuit Board (PCB);
a first LED mounted on the PCB;
a second LED mounted on the PCB and spaced apart from the first LED;
a pillar placed higher than the first LED and the second LED around the first LED and the second LED on the PCB;
a transparent plate disposed on the pillar, spaced apart from the first LED and the second LED, and configured to transmit light emitted from the first LED or the second LED; and
a fluorescent layer formed on a surface of the transparent plate, facing the first LED and the second LED, and conformably coated with a substance for converting the light emitted from the first LED or the second LED into white light by changing a wavelength of the light,
wherein an electrical pad of the first LED and an electrical pad of the PCB are electrically connected to each other, an electrical pad of the second LED and an electrical pad of the PCB are electrically connected to each other, and the first and second LEDs and the fluorescent layer are spaced apart from each other.
10. The LED package as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first LED and the second LED are disposed within an area corresponding to the fluorescent layer.
11. The LED package as claimed in claim 9, wherein the fluorescent layer includes silicon.
12. The LED package as claimed in claim 9, wherein the pillar reflects the light of the first LED or the second LED in a direction of the first LED or the second LED when the light comes in contact with the pillar.
13. The LED package as claimed in claim 9, wherein a face of the pillar, facing the first LED and the second LED, is formed at a specific angle.
14. The LED package as claimed in claim 13, wherein the face of the pillar, facing the first LED and the second LED, is formed at an angle of about 15\xb0 to 90\xb0 to the PCB.
15. The LED package as claimed in claim 9, wherein the transparent plate is formed of a lens or a transparent substrate.
16. The LED package as claimed in claim 9, wherein a distance between the fluorescent layer and the first LED and the second LED is about 10 to 20,000 \u03bcm.
17. A Light Emitting Diode (LED) package, comprising:
a Printed Circuit Board (PCB);
a first LED mounted on the PCB;
a second LED mounted on the PCB and spaced apart from the first LED;
a pillar placed higher than the first LED and the second LED around the first LED and the second LED on the PCB;
a transparent plate disposed on the pillar, spaced apart from the first LED and the second LED, and configured to transmit light emitted from the first LED or the second LED;
a first fluorescent layer formed on a surface of the transparent plate, facing the first LED and the second LED, and conformably coated with a substance for converting the light emitted from the first LED into white light by changing a wavelength of the light; and
a second fluorescent layer formed on the surface of the transparent plate, facing the first LED and the second LED, and conformably coated with a substance for converting the light emitted from the second LED into white light by changing a wavelength of the light;
wherein an electrical pad of the first LED and an electrical pad of the PCB are electrically connected to each other, an electrical pad of the second LED and the electrical pad of the PCB are electrically connected to each other, the first LED and the first fluorescent layer are spaced apart from each other, the second LED and the second fluorescent layer are spaced apart from each other, and the first fluorescent layer and the second fluorescent layer are spaced apart from each other.
18. The LED package as claimed in claim 17, wherein:
the first LED is disposed within an area corresponding to the first fluorescent layer; and
the second LED is disposed within an area corresponding to the second fluorescent layer.
19. The LED package as claimed in claim 17, wherein the first fluorescent layer or the second fluorescent layer includes silicon.
20. The LED package as claimed in claim 17, wherein the pillar reflects the light of the first LED or the second LED in a direction of the first LED or the second LED when the light comes in contact with the pillar.
21. The LED package as claimed in claim 17, wherein a face of the pillar, facing the first LED and the second LED, is formed at a specific angle.
22. The LED package as claimed in claim 21, wherein the face of the pillar, facing the first LED and the second LED, is formed at an angle of about 15\xb0 to 90\xb0 to the PCB.
23. The LED package as claimed in claim 17, wherein the transparent plate is formed of a lens or a transparent substrate.
24. The LED package as claimed in claim 17, wherein a distance between the first fluorescent layer and the first LED or a distance between the second fluorescent layer and the second LED is about 10 to 20,000 \u03bcm.
25. A method of manufacturing a Light Emitting Diode (LED) package, the method comprising the steps of:
mounting an LED on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), having a pillar formed thereon, within the pillar;
electrically connecting an electrical pad of the PCB and an electrical pad of the LED;
disposing a transparent plate, configured to include a fluorescent layer conformably coated with a substance for converting light emitted from the LED into white light by changing a wavelength of the light, and to transmit the light emitted from the LED on the pillar so that the fluorescent layer faces the LED; and
attaching the transparent plate to the pillar.
26. A method of manufacturing a Light Emitting Diode (LED) package, the method comprising the steps of:
mounting an LED on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) having a pillar formed thereon;
electrically connecting an electrical pad of the PCB and an electrical pad of the LED;
disposing a transparent plate, configured to include a fluorescent layer conformably coated with a substance for converting light emitted from the LED into white light by changing a wavelength of the light, and to transmit the light emitted from the LED on the pillar so that the fluorescent layer faces the LED;
measuring a wavelength of the light, emitted from the LED, after the light passes through the transparent plate;
checking whether the light passing through the transparent plate satisfies a specific criterion; and
if, as a result of the check, the light passing through the transparent plate satisfies the specific criterion, attaching the transparent plate to the pillar.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An ion exchange agent for adsorbing cations, said agent comprising charred material, wherein said charred material is not activated and is produced from living plant material that is not wood, having an ash content of at least 15% (by weight).
2. The agent of claim 1, wherein said material is foliage and said cations are heavy metal cations.
3. The agent of claim 1, wherein said charred material is produced from plant tissues that are less than one year old at said time of harvest.
4. The agent of claim 1, wherein said material is not wood or secondary xylem material.
5. The agent of claim 1, wherein said living material is metabolically active at the time of harvesting.
6. The agent of claim 1, wherein said material is nettle, beet, an algae or seaweed.
7. The agent of claim 6, wherein said plant is a macro algae or seaweed, selected from the group consisting of: bladder wrack (Fucus spp), oarweedskelp (Laminaria spp), thongweed (Hinanthalia spp) and sea lettuce (Ulva spp) .
8. The agent of claim 1, wherein said plant material is from an herbaceous plant or a crop.
9. The agent of claim 8, wherein said plant material is selected from the group consisting of: nettle (Urticae spp), dead nettle (Lamium spp), Chenopodiaceae.
10. The agent of claim 1, wherein said plant material is selected from the group consisting of cabbage, garlic, bracken, horsetail, rye grass and oil seed rape.
11. (canceled)
12. The agent claim 1, wherein said ash content of said charcoal is at least 20% (by weight).
13. The agent of claim 1, wherein said ash content of said charcoal is at least 25% (by weight).
14. The agent of claim 1, wherein said ash content of said charcoal is at least 30% (by weight).
15. The agent of claim 1, wherein said ash content of said charcoal is at least 35% (by weight)
16. The agent of claim 1, wherein said ash content of said charcoal is at least 40% (by weight).
17. The agent of claim 1, wherein said ash content of said charcoal is at least 45% (by weight).
18. The agent of claim 1, wherein said ash content of said charcoal is at least 50% (by weight).
19. The agent of claim 1, wherein K, Ca, Mg, Mn andor P make up at least 10% of said charcoal weight.
20. The agent of claim 1, wherein K, Ca, Mg, Mn andor P make up at least 15% of said charcoal weight.
21. The agent of claim 1, wherein K, Ca, Mg, Mn andor P make up at least 20% of said charcoal weight.
22. The agent of claim 1, wherein K, Ca, Mg, Mn andor P make up at least 25% of said charcoal weight.
23. The agent of claim 1, wherein K, Ca, Mg, Mn andor P make up at least 30% of said charcoal weight.
24. The agent of claim 1, wherein K, Ca, Mg, Mn andor P make up at least 35% of said charcoal weight.
25. The agent of claim 1, wherein K. Ca, Mg, Mn andor P make up at least 40% of said charcoal weight.
26. The agent of claim 1, wherein 0.5 g of charred material is capable of raising said pH of 100 ml deionised water to a pH of at least 10.
27. The agent of claim 1, wherein said charred material adsorbs cations from a selected environment.
28. The agent of claim 27, wherein said cations are selected from the group consisting of: ammonium, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, nickel, cadmium, mercury and aluminium.
29. The agent of claim 27, wherein said environment or area for treatment is soil or an aqueous waste, selected from waste water or sewage.
30. Animal bedding or clothing comprising an agent of claim 1.
31. A method for removing a cationic dye from a solution, said method comprising contacting an agent any of claim 1 with said solution.
32. A filter comprising an agent of claim 1.
33. A composting enhancer or accelerator comprising an agent of claim 1.
34. A cosmetic product comprising an agent of claim 1.
35. A plant growth medium comprising an agent of claim 1.
36. A method for the removal or binding of cationic species in an environment, said method comprising contacting said cationic species with an agent of claim 1.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein said cationic species is one or more metal species.
38. The method of claim 36, wherein said environment is soil, solid waste, a slurry or an aqueous waste.
39. The method of claim 36, wherein treatment of said environment is effected by trapping said agent in a vehicle and passing a liquid over or through said vehicle, thereby to contact said trapped charcoal and permit removal of some or all of said contaminating cations.
40. A method for treating or remediating an environment, comprising contacting said area with an agent of claim 1, and optionally subsequently removing said agent.
41. A method to raise the apparent pH of acidic soil toward pH 7, said method comprising contacting said soil with an agent of claim 1 in an amount and for a period sufficient to elevate said pH of said soil.
42. A process for providing an ion-exhange agent of claim 1, where living plant material containing non-exchangable ions is charred, thereby providing said an ion-exchange agent.
43. The ion exchange agent of claim 1, modified after charring, wherein naturally occurring potassium ions are replaced by other suitablecations selected from Calcium, Manganese Magnesium, or Hydrogen ions.