1. A process for the preparation of graphene or graphene-like fragments of another layered structure, said process comprising the step of mixing and grinding graphite or said other layered structure with at least one ionic liquid, wherein the process does not comprise a sonication step.
2. A process of claim 1 having a yield of at least one of graphene nanosheets and graphene nanodots of greater than 10% relative to the starting weight of the graphite or other layered material.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein mixing and grinding occurs for a time period of between 0.5 and 4 hours.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the graphite is natural graphite.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the graphene is in the form of graphene nanosheets or graphene nanodots.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the graphene nanosheets comprise 2 to 4 layers of graphene.
7. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the graphene nanodots have a height of 1 to 3 nm.
8. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the graphene nanodots have a diameter of less than 10 nm.
9. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid comprises an organic salt containing one more cations selected from the group consisting of ammonium, imidazolium and pyridinium ions.
10. A process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the organic salt contains an imidazolium ion.
11. A process as claimed in claim 10, wherein the ionic liquid is 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate.
12. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxygen content of the graphene is less than 5 at %.
13. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the process does not include the use of a reducing agent or an oxidising agent.
14. A process as claimed in claim 1 further comprising separating the ionic liquid from the graphene.
15. A process as claimed in claim 14 further comprising separating the ionic liquid from the graphene by means of addition of a solvent followed by centrifugation.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An entropy decoding module configured to perform entropy decoding on a sequence of entropy encoded data values, wherein the entropy encoded data values have been encoded according to a predetermined variable-length entropy coding scheme such that each of the entropy encoded data values comprises one or more first bits and zero or more second bits, wherein for each of the encoded data values the number of first bits is related to the number of second bits according to a predetermined relationship of the entropy coding scheme, and wherein each of a plurality of bit locations in the sequence of entropy encoded data values is predetermined by the entropy coding scheme to include either a first bit or a second bit, the entropy decoding module being configured to:
receive the sequence of entropy encoded data values;
separate the first bits of the received entropy encoded data values from the second bits of the received entropy encoded data values based on the bit locations of the bits in the sequence of entropy encoded data values in accordance with the entropy coding scheme;
analyse the separated first bits of the received entropy encoded data values to determine bit-boundaries between the received entropy encoded data values in accordance with the predetermined relationship between the number of first bits and the number of second bits for each of the received encoded data values; and
use the second bits and the determined bit-boundaries to decode the entropy encoded data values in accordance with the predetermined variable-length entropy coding scheme.
2. The entropy decoding module of claim 1 wherein the bit locations in the sequence of entropy encoded data values are predetermined such that, for encoded data values comprising one or more of said second bits, at least some of the first bits are interleaved with the second bits according to a predetermined interleave format of the entropy coding scheme, and wherein the entropy decoding module is further configured to separate the first bits from the second bits by de-interleaving the interleaved first and second bits of the received entropy encoded data values in accordance with the predetermined interleave format.
3. The entropy decoding module of claim 1 comprising a plurality of parallel decode units and one or more merging units, wherein the entropy decoding module is configured to analyse the first bits by:
splitting the first bits into a plurality of sections and providing the sections to respective ones of the parallel decode units; and
analysing the sections in the decode units to determine the bit-boundaries within the sections and outputting results of the analysis from the decode units to the one or more merging units.
4. The entropy decoding module of claim 3 wherein the decode units are configured to output carry out bits if first bits of encoded data values are present, but do not finish, within a respective one of the sections, the carry out bits being for use by the one or more merging units in combining the results of the analysis of each of the sections to determine the entropy decoded data values.
5. The entropy decoding module of claim 3 wherein there are seven of said parallel decode units, and wherein said one or more merging units comprises three first-level merging units, two second-level merging units and one third-level merging unit, wherein:
each of the first-level merging units is configured to receive and combine the results of the analysis output from a respective pair of the decode units,
one of the second-level merging units is configured to receive and combine results output from two of the first-level merging units,
the other second-level merging unit is configured to receive and combine results output from the remaining first-level merging unit and the remaining decode unit, and
the third-level merging unit is configured to receive and combine results output from the second-level merging units.
6. The entropy decoding module of claim 1 wherein the entropy encoded data values are from a block of entropy encoded data values, and wherein the entropy decoding module is configured to decode the entropy encoded data values from a line of the block on each of a plurality of iterations.
7. The entropy decoding module of claim 2 wherein the entropy encoded data values are from a block of entropy encoded data values, and wherein the entropy decoding module is configured to decode the entropy encoded data values from a line of the block on each of a plurality of iterations, and wherein for each of the entropy encoded data values the number of first bits is one greater than the number of second bits, and wherein according to the predetermined interleave format, for each line of entropy encoded data values, one of the first bits from each of the encoded data values in the line are grouped together into a first field, and the remaining first and second bits of each of the encoded data values in the line are interleaved in an alternating manner in a second field,
wherein the entropy decoding module is configured to de-interleave the interleaved first and second bits of the received entropy encoded data values by splitting the odd bits of the second field from the even bits of the second field to thereby form a stream of first bits and a corresponding stream of second bits.
8. The entropy decoding module of claim 1 wherein the entropy decoding module is configured to determine the bit-boundaries between the received entropy encoded data values without analysing the second bits of the received entropy encoded data values.
9. The entropy decoding module of claim 1 wherein the first bits have a format in accordance with unary coding, and wherein the second bits are binary bits.
10. The entropy decoding module of claim 1 wherein the first bits are prefix bits and the second bits are suffix bits of the entropy encoded data values.
11. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon computer readable instructions that, when processed at a computer system for generating a manifestation of an integrated circuit, cause the computer system to generate a manifestation of an entropy decoding module configured to perform entropy decoding on a sequence of entropy encoded data values, wherein the entropy encoded data values have been encoded according to a predetermined variable-length entropy coding scheme such that each of the entropy encoded data values comprises one or more first bits and zero or more second bits, wherein for each of the encoded data values the number of first bits is related to the number of second bits according to a predetermined relationship of the entropy coding scheme, and wherein each of a plurality of bit locations in the sequence of entropy encoded data values is predetermined by the entropy coding scheme to include either a first bit or a second bit, the entropy decoding module being configured to:
receive the sequence of entropy encoded data values;
separate the first bits of the received entropy encoded data values from the second bits of the received entropy encoded data values based on the bit locations of the bits in the sequence of entropy encoded data values in accordance with the entropy coding scheme;
analyse the separated first bits of the received entropy encoded data values to determine bit-boundaries between the received entropy encoded data values in accordance with the predetermined relationship between the number of first bits and the number of second bits for each of the received encoded data values; and
use the second bits and the determined bit-boundaries to decode the entropy encoded data values in accordance with the predetermined variable-length entropy coding scheme.
12. An entropy encoding module configured to perform entropy encoding on a plurality of data values to form a sequence of entropy encoded data values according to a predetermined variable-length entropy coding scheme, the entropy encoding module being configured to:
receive the data values;
determine, for each of the received data values, an entropy encoded data value according to the entropy coding scheme, whereby the entropy encoded data values comprise one or more first bits and zero or more second bits, wherein for each of the encoded data values the number of first bits is related to the number of second bits according to a predetermined relationship of the entropy coding scheme; and
form the sequence of entropy encoded data values from the determined entropy encoded data values, wherein each of a plurality of bit locations in the sequence of entropy encoded data values is predetermined by the entropy coding scheme to include either a first bit or a second bit.
13. The entropy encoding module of claim 12 configured to form the sequence of entropy encoded data values by:
interleaving, for encoded data values comprising one or more of said second bits, at least some of the first bits with the second bits according to a predetermined interleave format of the entropy coding scheme,
14. The entropy encoding module of claim 12 wherein the data values are from a block of data values, and wherein the entropy encoding module comprises a plurality of first encode units configured to:
receive the respective data values from a line of the block;
determine the second bits of the entropy encoded data values of the line; and
determine an indication of the size of each of the entropy encoded data values of the line.
15. The entropy encoding module of claim 14 configured to form the sequence of entropy encoded data values by interleaving, for encoded data values comprising one or more of said second bits, at least some of the first bits with the second bits according to a predetermined interleave format of the entropy coding scheme, wherein the entropy encoding module further comprises one or more second encode units configured to:
receive the second bits and the indications of the sizes of the entropy encoded data values of the line;
determine first bits of the entropy encoded data values of the line based on the received indications of the sizes of the entropy encoded data values; and
interleave the determined first bits with the received second bits of the entropy encoded data values.
16. The entropy encoding module of claim 15 further comprising a processing unit configured to:
receive the indications of the sizes of the entropy encoded data values of the line;
determine one of the first bits of each of the entropy encoded data values of the line based on the received indications of the sizes of the entropy encoded data values; and
group said one of the first bits from each of the encoded data values in the line together into a first field in accordance with the predetermined interleave format.
17. The entropy encoding module of claim 16 wherein for each of the entropy encoded data values the number of first bits is one greater than the number of second bits,
and wherein the second encode units are configured to interleave the first bits, which are not grouped into the first field, with the received second bits of the entropy encoded data values in an alternating manner.
18. The entropy encoding module of claim 12 further comprising a data store configured to store the entropy encoded data values.
19. The entropy encoding module of claim 12 further comprising an encoding indicator unit configured to set an indicator to indicate the coding scheme used to encode the data values.
20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon computer readable instructions that, when processed at a computer system for generating a manifestation of an integrated circuit, cause the computer system to generate a manifestation of an entropy encoding module configured to perform entropy encoding on a plurality of data values to form a sequence of entropy encoded data values according to a predetermined variable-length entropy coding scheme, the entropy encoding module being configured to:
receive the data values;
determine, for each of the received data values, an entropy encoded data value according to the entropy coding scheme, whereby the entropy encoded data values comprise one or more first bits and zero or more second bits, wherein for each of the encoded data values the number of first bits is related to the number of second bits according to a predetermined relationship of the entropy coding scheme; and
form the sequence of entropy encoded data values from the determined entropy encoded data values, wherein each of a plurality of bit locations in the sequence of entropy encoded data values is predetermined by the entropy coding scheme to include either a first bit or a second bit.