All The Claims

1. A method comprising:
in a photonic-based distributed network switch that includes a passive photonic broadcast star and a plurality of independent ports each of which is connected to the broadcast star via a plurality of channels, the number of channels connected to each port is equal in number to the number of ports, for each channel of each port: directing a multiplexed optical data frame stream containing a plurality of data frames into a demultiplexer that is connected to the respective channel in the respective port, the number of demultiplexers equals the number of ports, demultiplexing the optical data frame stream into the plurality of data frames, and thereafter directing the plurality of data frames into a data frame reduction stage in the respective port for reducing the data frames.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the data frame reduction stage determines which data frames to drop and what to do with remaining data frames.
3. A method according to claim 1,
comprising directing the data frames from the demultiplexers in each port to a plurality of data frame reduction stages in the respective port downstream of the demultiplexers.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of data frame reduction stages operate in series, in parallel or a combination of series and parallel.
5. A method comprising:
providing a photonic-based distributed network switch that includes a passive optical star and a plurality of independent ports each of which is connected to the optical star via a plurality of channels, the number of channels connected to each port is equal in number to the number of ports; and
for each channel of each port:
directing a multiplexed optical data frame stream containing a plurality of data frames from the passive optical star into the port;
using a plurality of demultiplexers in the port equal in number to the number of ports to demultiplex the multiplexed optical data frame stream into the plurality of data frames, each demultiplexer is connected to a respective one of the channels;
thereafter directing the plurality of data frames into a data frame reduction stage in the port; and
directing data frames that exit the data frame reduction stage to an external. device that is connected to the port.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the data frame reduction stage of each port determines which data frames to drop and what to do with remaining data frames.
7. The method of claim 5, comprising: for each port directing the plurality of data frames to a plurality of data frame reduction stages in each port downstream of the demultiplexers.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of data frame reduction stages in each port operate in series, in parallel or a combination of series and parallel.
9. A photonic-based distributed network switch, comprising:
a passive optical star, and a plurality of independent ports connected to the optical star, each port includes a plurality of demultiplexers connected to the optical star to receive optical data frames and a data frame reduction stage connected to the demultiplexers downstream of the demultiplexers that is configured to reduce optical data frames that are received from the demultiplexers; and the number of demultiplexers in each port equals the number of ports.
10. The photonic-based distributed network switch of claim 9, further comprising a host interface connected to the data frame reduction stage.
11. The photonic-based distributed network switch of claim 9, wherein the data frame reduction stage includes decision logic that determines which data frames to drop and action logic that determine what to do with remaining data frames.
12. The photonic-based distributed network switch of claim 11, comprising a plurality of the data frame reduction stages downstream of the demultiplexer, the plurality of data frame reduction stages are arranged to operate in series, in parallel or a combination of series and parallel.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A communication control device comprising:
a radio communication unit configured to perform radio communication with a plurality of terminal apparatuses of a primary system using communication resources of the primary system; and
a generating unit configured to generate resource information for notifying a secondary system secondarily using the communication resources of available communication resources,
wherein the radio communication unit transmits the resource information generated by the generating unit through a downlink control channel including a common space that is decoded in common by the plurality of terminal apparatuses and a plurality of individual spaces that are decoded by only some of the plurality of terminal apparatuses.
2. The communication control device according to claim 1,
wherein the downlink control channel includes the common space, the plurality of individual spaces, and a secondary system space having the same format as the individual space, and
wherein the radio communication unit transmits the resource information using the secondary system space.
3. The communication control device according to claim 2,
wherein the secondary system space is positioned ahead of all or some of the plurality of individual spaces in a time direction in the downlink control channel.
4. The communication control device according to claim 1,
wherein the resource information includes information for notifying the secondary system of available uplink communication resources of the primary system.
5. The communication control device according to claim 1,
wherein the resource information includes identification information uniquely identifying the available communication resources among a plurality of devices.
6. The communication control device according to claim 1,
wherein the generating unit generates likelihood information for notifying the secondary system of a likelihood of presence of the available communication resources, and
wherein the radio communication unit transmits system information of a frequency band of the primary system, the system information including the generated likelihood information.
7. The communication control device according to claim 6,
wherein the system information includes the likelihood information and other likelihood information for notifying the secondary system of a likelihood of presence of available communication resources of other primary systems.
8. A communication control method comprising:
performing radio communication with a plurality of terminal apparatuses of a primary system using communication resources of the primary system;
generating resource information for notifying a secondary system secondarily using the communication resources of available communication resources; and
transmitting the generated resource information through a downlink control channel including a common space that is decoded in common by the plurality of terminal apparatuses and a plurality of individual spaces that are decoded by only some of the plurality of terminal apparatuses.
9. A communication device comprising:
a radio communication unit configured to receive resource information for notifying a secondary system secondarily using communication resources of a primary system of available communication resources through a downlink control channel including a common space that is decoded in common by a plurality of terminal apparatuses of the primary system and a plurality of individual spaces that are decoded by only some of the plurality of terminal apparatuses; and
a control unit configured to cause the radio communication unit to perform radio communication using the available communication resources based on the resource information acquired by decoding of the downlink control channel.

1. A betatron magnet, the betatron magnet comprising:
at least one electron injector positioned approximate an inside of a radius of an betatron orbit, such that electrons are injected into the betatron orbit with the at least one electron injector positioned within an electron acceleration passageway, whereby the electron acceleration passageway is located within a vacuum chamber; and
wherein the at least one electron injector is driven with an inductive means.
2. The betatron magnet of claim 1, wherein the inductive means includes an injection coil wound around an inside portion of a vacuum chamber wall of the vacuum chamber, such that a positive end of the injection coil is connected to an anode, and a negative end of the injection coil is connected to a cathode.
3. The betatron magnet of claim 2, wherein the inductive means includes one of a diode or an intermediate tap connected to a grid for a triode injector.
4. The betatron magnet of claim 3, wherein the inductive means includes a resistive coating is located on at least one portion of an interior surface of the vacuum chamber, and a ground connection is structured and arranged through an outside wall of the vacuum chamber to the resistive coating.
5. The betatron magnet of claim 4, wherein the inductive means drives the at least
one electron injector, whereby high voltage pulses for driving the injector are obtained from the injection coil wound around the inside portion of the vacuum chamber wall, such that the positive end of the injection coil is connected to the anode and the resistive coating, and the negative end of the injection coil is connected to the cathode, and the intermediate tap is connected to the grid for the triode injector, such that the high voltage pulses provide an electric field over a surface of the cathode and extracted electrons from the cathode.
6. The betatron magnet of claim 1, wherein the cathode is a field emission cathode.
7. The betatron magnet of claim 2, wherein the inductive means includes an induced voltage
across the injection coil that is proportional to a rate of a flux change enclosed with the injection coil.
8. The betatron magnet of claim 6, wherein the flux change due to an orbit control coil is greater than a rate of a main drive coil flux change.
9. The betatron magnet of claim 2, wherein the inductive means includes a core flux consisting of at least two components, a first component being a main drive coil and a second component being from a orbit control coil.
10. The betatron magnet of claim 2, wherein the inductive means provides for an induced voltage
that occurs when an orbit control coil is trigger, e.g., during a proper injection window.
11. A betatron magnet, the betatron magnet comprising:
at least one electron injector positioned approximate an inside of a radius of an betatron orbit, such that electrons are injected into the betatron orbit with the at least one electron injector positioned within an electron acceleration passageway, whereby the electron acceleration passageway is located within a vacuum chamber; and
wherein the at least one electron injector is driven with an inductive means, such that the inductive means includes an injection coil wound around an inside portion of a vacuum chamber wall of the vacuum chamber, a positive end of the injection coil is connected to an anode, and a negative end of the injection coil is connected to a carbon nano tube (CNT) cathode and an intermediate tap is connected to a grid for a triode injector.
12. The betatron magnet of claim 8, wherein the inductive means includes a resistive coating is located on at least one portion of an interior surface of the vacuum chamber, and a ground connection is structured and arranged through an outside wall of the vacuum chamber to the resistive coating.
13. The betatron magnet of claim 12, wherein the inductive means drives the at least one
electron injector, whereby high voltage pulses for driving the injector are obtained from the
injection coil wound around the inside portion of the vacuum chamber wall, such that the
positive end of the injection coil is connected to the anode and the resistive coating, and the negative end of the injection coil is connected to the CNT cathode, and the intermediate tap is connected to the grid for the triode injector, such that the high voltage pulses provide an electric field over a surface of the CNT cathode and extracted electrons from the CNT cathode.
14. A method of driving at least one electron injector for an internal injection scheme of a betatron magnet, the method comprising:
injecting electrons into an betatron orbit with the at least one electron injector positioned within an electron acceleration passageway, wherein the at least one electron injector positioned approximate an inside of a radius of an betatron orbit; and
driving the at least one electron injector with an inductive means.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the inductive means further comprises an injection coil wound around an inside portion of a vacuum chamber wall of the vacuum chamber, a positive end of the injection coil is connected to an anode, and a negative end of the injection coil is connected to a cathode and an intermediate tap is connected to a grid for a triode injector.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inductive means includes one of a diode or an intermediate tap connected to a grid for a triode injector.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the inductive means includes a resistive coating is located on at least one portion of an interior surface of the vacuum chamber, and a ground connection is structured and arranged through an outside wall of the vacuum chamber to the resistive coating.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the inductive means drives the at least one electron injector, whereby high voltage pulses for driving the injector are obtained from the injection coil wound around the inside portion of the vacuum chamber wall, such that the positive end of the injection coil is connected to the anode and the resistive coating, and the negative end of the injection coil is connected to the cathode, and the intermediate tap is connected to the grid for the triode injector, such that the high voltage pulses provide an electric field over a surface of the cathode and extracted electrons from the cathode.
19. A method of driving at least one electron injector for an internal injection scheme of a betatron magnet, the method comprising:
injecting electrons into an betatron orbit with the at least one electron injector positioned within an electron acceleration passageway, wherein the at least one electron injector positioned approximate an inside of a radius of an betatron orbit; and
driving the at least one electron injector with an inductive means, such that the inductive means includes an injection coil wound around an inside portion of a vacuum chamber wall of the vacuum chamber, a positive end of the injection coil is connected to an anode, and a negative end of the injection coil is connected to a carbon nano tube (CNT) cathode and an intermediate tap is connected to a grid for a triode injector;
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the inductive means further comprises wherein the inductive means includes a resistive coating is located on at least one portion of an interior surface of the vacuum chamber, and a ground connection is structured and arranged through an outside wall of the vacuum chamber to the resistive coating.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the inductive means drives the at least one electron injector, whereby high voltage pulses for driving the injector are obtained from the injection coil wound around the inside portion of the vacuum chamber wall, such that the positive end of the injection coil is connected to the anode and the resistive coating, and the negative end of the injection coil is connected to the CNT cathode, and the intermediate tap is connected to the grid for the triode injector, such that the high voltage pulses provide an electric field over a surface of the CNT cathode and extracted electrons from the CNT cathode.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for facilitating automated and secure payment, comprising the steps of:
determining whether a payee is a registered entity;
accessing payment information for the payee upon a determination that the payee is a registered entity;
directing an automated payment to the payee based upon the payment information pre-determined payee and payer payment rules;
creating a record of payments to the payee that is accessible to the registered payee; and
sending the payee a notification that payment was made to the payee.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the record of payments includes at least one of a record of each payment to the payee, an invoice number, a payment amount and a treatment code.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the record of payments is formatted in a standard requested by the payee.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the record of payments is accessible to the payee, allowing the payee to reconcile payments received with outstanding invoices.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the payment information includes at least one of a payee’s account information, a payee’s address and a payee’s preferred payment format and method.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the notification in format requested by the payee.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the notification is at least one of an electronic mail notification, a telephone notification or a paper notification.
8. The method according to claim 1, including the step of authenticating the payee before the step of directing an automated payment to the payee.
9. The method according to claim 1, including the step of authenticating the payer before the step of directing an automated payment to the payee.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the payer can become a registered payee and wherein the registered payee provides at least one of payer account information, payer payments formats and payer payment rules.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein payment is made to the payee by paper instrument upon a determination that the payee is unregistered.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the payee receives a solicitation for becoming a registered payee.
13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the payee is a health care provider and the payer is at least one of an insurance company, a third party administrator and another health care payer.
14. A system for automated and secure payment, comprising:
a customized account processing engine including a request for payment module, the request from payment module receiving at least one request for making payment to at least one payee;
a payment processing module for facilitating payment to the at least one payee based upon the at least one request for making payment, the payment processing module also sending a notification to the at least one payee upon payment; and
and a records module for creating a record of all payments to the at least one payee
15. The system according to claim 14, wherein the payment processing module determines whether the payee is a registered payee or an unregistered payee.
16. The system according to claim 14, wherein the payment processing module includes at least one of the payee’s account information, the payee’s address and the payee’s preferred payment and payment rules.
17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the payment processing module makes payment to the payee by a paper instrument upon a determination that the payee is an unregistered payee.
18. The system according to claim 15, wherein the payment processing module makes an electronic payment to the payee upon a determination that the payee is a registered payee.
19. The system according to claim 14, wherein the notification includes an electronic mail message.
20. The system according to claim 14, wherein the records module includes payment details for all payers and payees, including at least one of payment amounts, date of payment, invoice numbers for which payment is being made, a payment amount and a payee treatment code.
21. The system according to claim 14, wherein the records module is accessible to the payee to facilitate confirmation of payment amounts and reconciliation of invoices.
22. The system according to claim 14, wherein the payer is an insurance company or other health care payer and the payee is a health care provider.
23. The method according to claim 14, wherein the customized account processing engine authenticates the payee before facilitating payment to the at least one payee.
24. The method according to claim 14, wherein the customized account processing engine authenticates the payer before facilitating payment to the at least one payee.